What classification of physiological needs exists: examples of manifestation in humans
Achievement orientation implies demands to be stronger, more responsible, smarter, and to have the best-paid job. Sometimes, in order to achieve as much as possible, a person puts biological needs in the background, forgetting to fulfill them. But unfortunately, there are cases when they push aside not only their own needs, but also the needs of their children, enrolling them in various clubs from birth: music section, drawing, dancing. The result of such haste may be failure to eat or rest. This will lead to the manifestation of psychological disorders.
Nutrition
Food brings energy, pleasure, and satisfaction to the body. A refreshed person is more balanced and cheerful than a hungry person. Having the opportunity to have a snack is not enough; it is necessary that the food be high in calories and harmless. If an individual is engaged in physical labor and often attends training, he should consume as many calories as possible, and those who carry out activities through mental labor should consume less. The need is considered satisfied if the diet contains enough nutrients to lead a normal life, without quickly getting tired and without exhausting the body.
Digestive functions:
- Filling the body with the necessary beneficial elements that help maintain vital activity and produce new cells.
- Providing energy for the struggle for existence and an active lifestyle.
- Transferring information to maintain connection with nature.
In the history of mankind, hunger and thirst are the causes of wars and the formation of nomads, but we know this only from textbooks. Currently, another problem has arisen - diet pills that reduce appetite; the desire of girls to become thin, which leads to anorexia.
The human body is designed this way: in order to avoid a lack of essential carbohydrates, it focuses on preserving energy reserves, turning them into fat deposits, which retain beneficial properties in the organs. During a prolonged fast, the body will use stored reserve substances so that the person can exist for some more time.
Concept
Before listing the natural needs of a person, it is necessary to determine what they are in general. To do this, you can turn to the works of psychologist Evgeny Pavlovich Ilyin. The scientist assured: it is important to separate the needs of the body and the individual. They have different backgrounds. The body's needs may be unconscious. We breathe and don’t attach any importance to it - we need oxygen, and that’s normal. But the needs of the individual are always conscious. A person wants to get a diploma at a university in order to feel self-sufficient - and for this he deliberately studies well.
We must also remember that every natural biological need of a person is associated with a need. And this does not mean a shortage of something. Namely need. Or desirability - in the case of social or intellectual needs.
Interests and inclinations
Interests arise based on needs.
Interest
- a person’s purposeful attitude towards any object, the desire to become familiar with new facts about it, to study it more completely and deeply.
People's interests are directed not so much at the objects of need, but at those social conditions that make these objects more or less accessible, first of all, material and spiritual goods that ensure the satisfaction of needs.
Interests are determined by the position of various social groups and individuals in society. They are more or less recognized by people and are the most important incentives for various types of activities.
Sometimes interests develop into hobbies of life or become its meaning. In the process of satisfying some interests, a person often acquires new ones, which gives him the opportunity to constantly improve.
There are several classifications of interests :
- by focus:
social, economic, political, spiritual; - by degree of community:
individual, group, public; - by content:
direct (interest in the process of activity itself), indirect (interest in the results of activity); - by the nature of the subject
: national, state; - by level of activity:
passive (limited to the perception of the object of interest), active (a person acts in order to obtain the object). - if possible, their implementation
: real, imaginary;
When considering the concept of “interest”, we must compare it with the concept of “inclination”, since they are the result of a person’s need for a certain activity. Interest is a person’s focus on an object, and inclination is an activity. For example, when they say that a young man is interested in football, they mean that he likes to watch football matches, collects information about famous football players or teams, and when they say that a young man has an inclination towards football, this means that he plays football well.
Addiction
- focus on a specific activity.
A person’s interests and inclinations express the direction of his personality, which determines his life path, the nature of his activities, etc.
Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity). For example, a person's interest in cinema does not necessarily entail the opportunity to work as a film director, actor or cinematographer. But interest in chess arises along with the inclination to play it.
A person’s interests express the direction of his personality, which largely determines his life path, the nature of his activities, etc.
↑ Pyramid of needs by A. Maslow
Of the many different classifications of needs, the most popular is the hierarchical (
hierarchy is the placement of elements from lowest to highest) pyramid of psychologist Abraham Maslow.
PRIMARY (INGENATE) NEEDS
The first two stages are primary or congenital,
since if these needs are not satisfied, a person will not be able to engage in other activities, and all his aspirations will be aimed at realizing precisely these needs.
For example, if he is hungry, then all his thoughts, desires and actions will be about food. A person's life depends on it. Such needs include physiological
and
existential . Physiological needs
are essential for survival. These include the needs for food, water, respiration, shelter, rest and reproduction.
Existential
include needs for security and confidence in the future include needs for protection from physical and psychological dangers from the outside world and confidence that physiological needs will be satisfied in the future.
SECONDARY (ACQUIRED) NEEDS
All other needs A. Maslow defined as secondary or acquired.
Social
needs or needs for belonging and love, for social connections, affection, caring for another person and attention to oneself, participation in shared activities.
Prestigious
or, in other words, the need for self-esteem, evaluation or respect from other people, recognition, success and appreciation, career growth.
Prestige
is a measure of society’s recognition of a person’s merits.
Every person, to a greater or lesser extent, has a need for competition, a desire to stand out, to be better than someone else, and to be respected by others. Therefore, the desire to achieve a higher position in society, to enter prestigious, popular faculties, to make a career, to achieve prosperity - these are prestigious needs.
The following three types of needs (cognitive, aesthetic and spiritual) are the aspirations of the “soul” and are considered the highest human needs.
Cognitive needs
- this is a study of the surrounding world, reality in order to obtain new knowledge, impressions, and the desire for purposeful creative activity.
They are also called cognitive needs .
Aesthetic needs
- this is a person’s spiritual desire for harmony and beauty, art and creativity. Thanks to these needs, the world has theaters, exhibitions, museums, art galleries, ballet, music and dance.
At the topmost step are spiritual needs
or the need to realize one’s potential and grow as an individual
(self-development, self-improvement)
.
Realizing his needs, the individual builds his life in accordance with them.
“
When the strongest and most priority needs are satisfied, the needs that follow them in the hierarchy arise and demand satisfaction.
When these needs are satisfied, there is a transition to the next step in the ladder of factors that determine human behavior .” Psychologists K. Hall and G. Lindsay
If basic needs are not realized, then they are replaced by pseudo-needs
, for example, the need for luxury goods, alcohol, gambling, etc.
One should remember about reasonable limitation of needs, since, firstly, not all human needs can be fully satisfied, and secondly, needs should not contradict the moral norms of society.
Reasonable needs
- these are the needs that help the development in a person of his truly human qualities: the desire for truth, beauty, knowledge, the desire to bring good to people, etc.
Imaginary needs
- artificially created by man, the implementation of which can be dispensed with (for example, smoking).
Since with the development of a person as an individual his potential capabilities expand, the need for self-expression can never be fully satisfied. Therefore, the process of motivating behavior through needs is endless.
How to achieve harmony?
But it happens that a question remains unanswered for a very long time. And it is quite difficult for a person without spiritual peace to interact with the world that surrounds him. As a rule, these are weak individuals who have difficulty surviving adversity and failure. But there are ways to satisfy spiritual needs and bring yourself to harmony. This could be communication with animals. Our little brothers raise even physically handicapped people to their feet. What can we say about spirituality? A person who approaches animals becomes a part of nature. By the way, privacy with her is also very important. Traveling to a quiet place with magnificent scenery and staying there for some time can bring anyone back to their senses. And give me some ideas. Moreover, in the lap of nature it is simply impossible to become despondent.
Self-realization
A natural human need is the need to feel like a self-sufficient person. It is important for all of us to “find ourselves.” A person, realizing his potential, abilities and demonstrating knowledge, feels useful. When a person does what she likes and brings a certain result, harmony comes. A person ceases to feel like a useless and hopeless empty place. Following this, the need for recognition and praise is satisfied. Humans are characterized by healthy egoism and the need to be the center of attention at least sometimes. Everyone is familiar with this situation: at work, they praised the team for a certain achievement and gave them a bonus. Usually they say in such cases: “It’s a small thing, but it’s nice!” At this point, the social need for achievement and self-satisfaction is satisfied. So, high spirits and a smile on your face are a completely understandable phenomenon.
Material component
This also applies to the natural needs of man. Each of us feels the need for decent conditions of existence. We all know people who shout, “Money isn’t everything!” They are wrong. Perhaps money is not the most important value for someone. But certainly one of the main ones.
Money is the only way to satisfy your basic needs. The only thing a person receives for free (from what is necessary for life) is oxygen. Everything else needs to be purchased. Food, shelter, water, furniture, clothing, medicine. So, as you can see, work is a way to satisfy not only the desire to realize yourself as a person. That’s why it’s so important to get a profession that you like. So that later, while working, you can satisfy yourself as an individual and earn money to ensure a decent existence.
