3. Personality psychology.

FEDERAL AGENCY FOR EDUCATION

State educational institution of higher professional education

STATE UNIVERSITY OF MANAGEMENT

Institute of Psychology and Sociology of Management Department of Sociology and Psychology of Management

Essay

in the discipline: “Personality Psychology”

on the topic: “Personality structure”

Content

Introduction

General idea of personality
Psychological structure of personality. “Elements” included in its structure
Ideas about personality structure in Russian psychology

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

Of essential importance for psychology is, first of all, an understanding of the very concept of personality. In fact, what is personality and what is the relationship between this concept and the related concept of man. Let's try to approach these questions genetically.

In general human development, two interconnected lines are usually observed - biological and social. These two lines can be clearly traced if we look at the process of human development from the moment of his birth. When a child is born, they say that a person was born as a biological being, but it is by no means possible to say that a personality was born. The development of biological inclinations and properties characterizes the process of functional maturation and formation of a person in the future. He develops a skeleton, muscles, as well as internal organs and systems. The process of biological maturation and change in a person is manifested in the age stages of his development and behavior and finds its expression in the specific biological features of childhood, adolescence, adulthood and old age.

However, the process of human biological development is thus combined with the acquisition of a significant number of social properties and qualities that characterize him as a social being. For example, from the age of one and a half months, a child begins to smile at the sight of loved ones, then masters speech, acquires the ability to walk upright, acquires skills and habits of handling things and objects, as well as behavior in the family and on the street, and begins to perform certain work duties. In the future, he enriches himself with knowledge, learns moral norms and rules, learns to follow fashion, develops the ability to more successfully perform a particular job, etc. At the same time, it is characteristic that speech and various skills and habits of behavior and work activity that are developed in children of the same nationality, but living in different social and living conditions, are different. This shows that the named social properties and qualities are not innate, but are formed in a person during his lifetime.

Thus, being a biological being, a person in the process of his life produces and develops in himself many social properties and qualities that characterize his social essence. That is why he is considered in science as a biosocial being, as a subject, i.e. protagonist of historical activity and knowledge. Consequently, the concept of man synthesizes (combines) both his biological and social (public) properties and qualities. psychological personality social

The concept of personality includes only the social properties and qualities of a person, which, as shown above, include speech, consciousness, various habits, etc. and which make him a social being. The biological characteristics of a person are not included in this concept. That is why philosophy notes that the essence of a person is not her beard, not her blood, not her abstract physical nature as such, but her social quality. The property of being a person is associated not with the physical existence of a person, but with his social qualities. This allows us to conclude: the concept of “personality” characterizes the social essence of a person and denotes the totality of his social properties and qualities that he develops during his lifetime.

Since personal qualities are formed during life, it is quite understandable that in some people they can be expressed more clearly, in others - weaker. The question arises: by what criteria can one judge the degree of personal development of a person?

Psychologist S.L. Rubinstein wrote that a personality is characterized by a level of mental development that allows it to consciously manage its own behavior and activities. That is why the ability to think about one’s actions and be responsible for them, the ability to act autonomously, is an essential sign of personality.

1. General idea of personality

The concept of personality is one of the most vague and controversial terms in psychology. In 1937, American psychologist Gordon Allport wrote a monograph “Personality: A Psychological Interpretation,” in which he cited more than 50 different definitions of personality that he found among his English-speaking colleagues. None of them suited him, so he proposed his own. Other scientists did the same, claiming to create their own theory of personality. [2]. B.G. Ananyev considered a person as a contemporary of a certain era, which endows him with many socio-psychological properties. He included among them the individual’s belonging to a certain class, nationality, profession, etc. [5].

A.V. Petrovsky characterized personality in the system of interpersonal relations, in connection with which he identified three aspects of personality: intra-individual, which reflects the properties inherent in the subject himself; interindividual, considering the characteristics of the individual’s interaction with other people; and meta-individual, which describes the impact of a given personality on other people. [5].

L.I. Antsyferova defines personality as a person’s way of being in society, in specific historical conditions; it is an individual form of existence and development of social connections and relationships. [5]. Many other definitions of personality are given in the book by I.B. Kotova Personality psychology in Russia, which analyzed ideas about personality among domestic philosophers and psychologists, from the end of the last century to the present time. [6].

All psychologists agree that a person is not born, but rather becomes, and for this a person must make considerable efforts. He must master speech, and then with its help many motor, intellectual and socio-cultural skills. Personality is considered as a result of the socialization of the individual, during which he assimilates the traditions and system of value orientations developed by humanity. The more a person was able to perceive and assimilate in the process of socialization, the more developed a person he is. [2]. Is it possible for a person not to be a person? Is a one-year-old child, a mentally disabled person, or a sophisticated criminal a person?

These questions have repeatedly become the subject of discussions among psychologists, philosophers, doctors and lawyers. It is difficult to answer them unambiguously, since each case requires specific consideration, but most scientists are inclined to recognize all of the listed categories of people as having the right to be called a person with certain reservations. Thus, it is more correct to call a child, teenager and young man an emerging personality, because they still have only the makings of a mature personality, which must further develop and form into an integral system of properties. As for mentally disabled people, the degree of preservation of their personality can be very different: from small deviations from the norm in neuroses to significant personality destruction in severe cases of schizophrenia.

Their worldview, behavioral motivation, and thinking characteristics are qualitatively different from similar characteristics of a healthy person, therefore, in such cases, it is more correct to use the concept of a pathological or abnormal personality. Criminals recognized as mentally healthy are asocial individuals, since they have turned all the knowledge, skills and abilities they have accumulated against the society that formed them. Personality can be lost by a person due to serious illness or extreme old age, which is manifested in the lack of the ability to recognize oneself as a subject of activity, orientate in space and time, etc.

In this case, we can talk about a degraded personality [2]. L.I. Antsyferova considers the main way of existence of an individual to be constant development aimed at realizing one’s capabilities in activity and communication. As soon as a person stops efforts to develop his mental functions, social and professional skills and abilities, personality regression immediately begins [5]. What are the criteria for determining the level of maturity of an individual? When answering this question, it is better to rely on the ideas of I.M. Paley and V.S. Maguna about three sides of personality.

The first side describes the internal structure of the personality through such characteristics as hierarchy and integrity. Hierarchy is understood as the subordination of lower functions (processes, properties) to higher ones in the process of development. For example, the satisfaction of vital needs in a mature person is subordinated to higher needs. Integrity means the uniformity of human behavior in changing conditions and circumstances. Consequently, a mature person acts not under the influence of momentary factors, but on the basis of his value system, which has developed over the years [4].

The second side of the personality reveals the features of its interaction with the objective world through the characteristics of its activity and independence. A mature person always takes an active life position in any activity in which she is engaged. She determines for herself the meaning, goals and objectives of the activity and looks for optimal ways to carry it out. Sometimes she does not even expect remuneration for her work if this work brought her pleasure. This distinguishes her from an immature personality who waits for instructions, encouragement and does not go beyond the boundaries set from the outside in the process of doing work.

A mature person is able to carry out activities even under the threat of punishment from the authorities and the possibility of losing many life benefits. There are many examples of self-denial in the name of one’s life’s work in the history of Russia, starting with the Decembrists and ending with the dissidents of the 60-80s. The third side of personality characterizes the characteristics of its relationships with other people. Among the many features of M.M. Paley and V.S. Magun singles out only one, but very significant, criterion of maturity - the ability of an individual to contribute to the growth and development of the personalities of other people. Personality, according to S.L. Rubinstein, with the certainty of his attitude to life, forces others to determine themselves. To influence the worldview of other people, a person must accumulate a large store of wisdom and acquire power over them (spiritual, religious, political, etc.).

The spatiotemporal breadth of this influence ultimately determines the scale of the individual. Most often, this influence extends only to the person’s immediate environment, which is also not small. In other cases, a personality influences the minds of people for a certain period of time in a certain country. But there are personalities on a planetary scale who influence humanity with the example of their extraordinary lives and deeds across the thickness of centuries and the vastness of geographical distances. These people can serve as an example for us of the maximum development of what is called Personality. [2, 84]

2. Psychological structure of personality. “Elements” included in its structure

The elements of the psychological structure of a personality are its psychological properties and characteristics, usually called “personality traits.” There are a lot of them. But psychologists are trying to conditionally fit all this difficult-to-see number of personality traits into a certain number of substructures. The lowest level of personality is a biologically determined substructure, which includes age, gender properties of the psyche, innate properties such as the nervous system and temperament. The next substructure includes the individual characteristics of a person’s mental processes, i.e. individual manifestations of memory, perception, sensations, thinking, abilities, depending both on innate factors and on training, development, and improvement of these qualities. Further, the level of personality is also its individual social experience, which includes the knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired by a person. This substructure is formed primarily during the learning process and is of a social nature. The highest level of personality is its orientation, including drives, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, views, beliefs of a person, his worldview, character traits, self-esteem. The substructure of personality orientation is the most socially conditioned, formed under the influence of upbringing in society, and most fully reflects the ideology of the community in which the person is included. [2]

The differences between people are multifaceted: in each of the substructures there are differences in beliefs and interests, experience and knowledge, abilities and skills, temperament and character. That is why it is not easy to understand another person, it is not easy to avoid discrepancies, contradictions, even conflicts with other people. To understand yourself and others more deeply, you need certain psychological knowledge combined with observation.

In psychology, there are two main directions of personality research: the first is based on the identification of certain personality traits, the second is based on the determination of personality types. Personality traits combine groups of closely related psychological characteristics. [6]

Table 1. Hierarchical structure of personality (according to K.K. Platonov)

Brief name of the substructure This substructure includes Correlation of biological and social Substructure of orientation Beliefs, worldview, personal meanings; interests Social level (almost no biological) Substructure of experience Abilities, knowledge, skills, habits Socio-biological level (much more social than biological) Substructure of forms of reflection Features of cognitive processes (thinking, memory, perception, sensation, attention); features of emotional processes (emotions, feelings) Biosocial level (more biological than social) Substructure of biological, constitutional properties Speed of nervous processes, balance of processes of excitation and inhibition, etc.; gender, age properties Biological level (social is practically absent)

Trying to determine the necessary and sufficient number of substructures into which all known personality traits can be included, scientists, having tried numerous options, identified four. One of the criteria for distinguishing substructures from each other is the relationship between the biological and the social—not their share, but their significance for a given substructure. Man is a social being, so consideration of personality structure begins with substructures in which the social side is more important, and at the end - the more biologically determined parts of the personality.

-i substructure is called the orientation of the personality. These include: drives, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, worldviews, beliefs. The personality elements (traits) included in this substructure do not have innate inclinations, but are completely socially conditioned and formed through upbringing. The most active and stable form of orientation is beliefs. The totality of them constitutes a person’s worldview, which can be passive - it is simply available. But the substructure of orientation also includes will - it is this that can give beliefs an active character, contributing to their implementation.

-I substructure is called experience. It combines knowledge, skills, abilities and habits acquired in society through education, but with a noticeable influence of biologically and even genetically determined human properties. Not all properties included here can be considered as personality properties. A skill that is just beginning to form or a one-time action is not yet a personality trait. But typical manifestations for a given individual, as well as consolidated knowledge, skill, and even more so ability and habit, are already indisputably a property of the individual. Experience can also be passive dead weight. But thanks to individual volitional skills, he can become active when knowledge and skills are not just “known”, but also used.

The -th substructure combines the individual characteristics of individual mental processes (functions): memory, emotions, sensations, thinking, perception, feelings, will. After all, we all have different memories, emotions, perceptions, etc. These individual characteristics, when consolidated, become personality traits. Some have a “fine perception of art,” another has a “leaky” memory, and a third has “a flurry of emotions over a trifle.” All components of this substructure are formed through exercise, that is, the frequency and method of using a given function. Since emotions and sensations are also characteristic of animals, we can say that in the personality traits of the 3rd substructure, the biological component begins to prevail over the social one.

The -th substructure combines the properties of temperament or typological properties of a person (as belonging to a certain type). They almost completely depend on the physiological properties of the brain: the speed of neural processes, the balance of excitation and inhibition processes, etc. This also includes gender and age characteristics, as well as personality characteristics caused by some pathology (disease). These biologically determined traits are difficult to change, but sometimes it is possible to shape (or rather, “remake”) the desired trait through training. But compensation plays a greater role here than in previous substructures - the ability to replace an insufficient or “out of order” function with some other one. For example, after watching an incendiary action movie before bed, your nervous system is overexcited, and you can’t fall asleep. Then you can “deceive” her with various tricks: “counting sheep,” imagining yourself on a hot beach, lying in your favorite “sleep” position, eating something, etc. The activity of the temperament substructure is determined by the strength of nervous processes; if you have a weakness of nervous processes, then you will have a “weak” type of nervous system and a type of temperament with more passive behavior. [4]

. Ideas about personality structure in Russian psychology

The structural approach is a method of analysis in which an object is considered as a certain integrity that has a certain structure, i.e. a set of elements that have certain relationships with each other. It is used in various sciences to analyze complex objects; in psychology, such an object is the personality. Consideration of personality in terms of its structure and constituent components is a traditional and at the same time relevant approach to its study. If we turn to the history of the study of personality, we can be convinced that almost every researcher who tried to penetrate into the essence of this complex mental formation and understand the mechanism of its functioning came to the idea of the need to isolate individual elements and analyze the relationships between them. The criteria for dividing personality into separate blocks, as well as the conceptual positions of the authors, were extremely different and gave rise to fierce discussions, but the very idea of considering personality through the prism of its structure remained unchanged. Its vitality is explained, first of all, by the characteristics of the object of study itself - the individual, the most obvious and noticeable characteristics of which are integrity, complexity, secondaryity in relation to simpler mental functions. It is no coincidence that psychologists began to talk about personality structure long before the structural approach took shape as a research method in philosophy.

Structural ideas in psychology arose as a reaction to atomism and excessive dismemberment in the analysis of the human psyche. According to M.S. Rogovin, one of the first attempts at a structural approach to the analysis of personality can be considered the concept of S. Freud, who considered a person as a structural unity of three parts: the Id, the Ego and the Super-Ego. The development of the structural approach in psychology was greatly facilitated by the work of Gestalt psychologists, in particular K. Lewin, devoted to the relationship between the part and the whole. With the development of philosophical concepts related to the concepts of structure and system, ideas about structure in psychology received reliable support. The greatest flowering of the structural approach to personality analysis in Russian psychology occurred in the 70s. But this was not a tribute to fashion; it was simply that domestic psychological science had by this time entered a new scientific stage of its development. The emergence of structural concepts in psychology indicates that it has reached a certain stage in the development of scientific knowledge.

Philosopher V.F. Sergeantov believes that each science goes through three levels of development: 1. phenomenological, in which the idea of an object is of an undifferentiated holistic nature; 2. substrate-phenomenological, characterized by an analytical approach to the object; 3. system-structural, in which, thanks to synthesis, the specific nature of an object is theoretically reproduced. [6]

In the philosophical encyclopedic dictionary, structure (from the Latin structura - structure, arrangement, order) is defined as a set of stable connections of an object that ensure its integrity and identity, i.e. preservation of basic properties under various external and internal changes. To conduct a structural analysis of any complex object, three basic conditions must be met: to identify the elements of which it consists, to study the nature of the connection between them; identify the mechanism of structure integrity that allows it not to change when the environment changes. When selecting elements, you must follow some rules. Elements must contain the main characteristics of the whole, and not be simply its parts. Their number should be sufficient to fully describe the personality, but not excessive.

There are two main ways to build a personality structure: empirical and theoretical. The empirical method is based on identifying the elements of the structure using the methods of mathematical statistics (most often factor analysis) to a large array of empirical data. The clusters or factors identified during processing serve as elements of the personality structure (as, for example, 16 factors in the personality structure proposed by R. Cattell).

The theoretical method of constructing a personality structure is based on putting forward a theoretical principle that connects individual levels and elements. In Russian psychology, both methods of constructing a personality structure are presented. The empirical method is implemented in the works of V.S. Merlin, who, based on empirical research, came to a three-level personality structure. The theoretical approach to building a personality structure was implemented by K.K. Platonov, who chose the principle of the relationship between the social and the biological in their determination as the basis for identifying the levels of structure. K.K. Platonov not only proposed his concept of the dynamic functional structure of personality, but also paid great attention to the history of this issue in Russian psychology, which he outlined in detail in his work Structure and Development of Personality. The main criterion for identifying the elements of personality structure was the relationship between the biological and social in their origin.

On this basis, four personality substructures were identified:

personality orientation (beliefs, worldview, ideals, aspirations, interests, desires);

experience (knowledge, skills, abilities and habits);

personality traits that depend on the individual characteristics of mental processes (will, feelings, perception, etc.);

biopsychic properties (temperament, gender, age properties).

The substructure of orientation is the result of exclusively social determination, the substructure of experience is determined primarily by social factors, but also has an innate basis, the substructure of mental processes is formed under the predominant influence of innate factors with the participation of social ones, the substructure of biopsychic properties is determined only by biological factors. [3]

Along with the main criterion for identifying substructures of K.K. Platonov cites additional ones: the internal similarity of personality traits included in each of the substructures; type of formation of substructures; hierarchical dependence of substructures, in which each overlying substructure is determined by the underlying ones. According to K.K. Platonov, all known personality traits can be placed into these four substructures. The only exceptions are character and abilities, to which he assigns a special role. Character is not an independent substructure, but a general quality of personality superimposed on them. He looked at abilities similarly, arguing that any personality property included in any of the four personality substructures can and should be considered as an elementary ability if this personality property is professionally positively or negatively significant.

A fundamentally different approach to the analysis of personality structure is contained in the concept of V. S. Merlin. In his opinion, personality structure should be understood as the mutual connection and organization of personality properties. Personality properties are its components that cannot be further decomposed. At the same time, each personality trait is an expression of its orientation, character and abilities. It is formed in activity and at the same time, to one degree or another, depends on hereditary factors. Each personality trait is based on an attitude towards some aspect of reality. It is customary to distinguish such groups of relationships as relationships to other people, to work, to material objects, to oneself, to ideological and spiritual phenomena, to nature, etc.

Personality properties form the lower level of the personality structure. Based on the generality of relationships, a probabilistic connection can arise between personality properties, due to which the properties form groups, which he calls symptom complexes, which constitute the second level of the personality structure. Symptom complexes are characterized by volume, activity and stability. Volume is determined by the number of properties included in it, activity - by the strength of influence of these properties on human behavior, and stability - by the constancy of properties throughout a person’s life. There is a relationship between these characteristics: volumetric symptom complexes, as a rule, have greater activity and stability. The third level consists of three secondary factors that absorb all symptom complexes: ideological orientation, the desire for self-expression and the desire to satisfy material needs and organic drives. According to V.S. Merlin, they can form different hierarchical relationships among themselves, which determines the direction of the personality. It should be noted that the peak of research and discussions on the structure of personality occurred in the 70s, when structural and systemic analysis was popular in other sciences, and even the interdisciplinary yearbook System Research was published [6].

Conclusion

Attempts to determine the structure of personality and its components have been made for a long time. Since this subject of study, being one of the manifestations of the psyche, is intangible and cannot be touched with hands, different authors, in different psychological directions, have different concepts of personality structure. It depends on what you mean by personality. Psychology has gone through a number of stages, starting with an understanding of personality as a soul, ending with an understanding of personality as a person.

In Russian psychology much attention was paid to theoretical aspects, in Western psychology - to practical ones. Therefore, in the works of our psychologists, the question of personality and its structure is better worked out, theoretically substantiated, and a harmonious scientific system is created.

In conclusion, it is worth noting that neither individual personality traits nor the personality as a whole remain unchanged throughout a person’s life. But personality changes can be associated not only with its development as a result of growing up, but also with social decay, with senile degradation and with pathological development. A person can change for the better or for the worse. In addition, the variability of personality traits depends on the compensation of some underdeveloped personality traits by others, and on changes in the methods and extent of this compensation. For example, a memory defect in the same person in one case can be compensated by attention, and in another by intelligence. Thus, the personality structure is dynamic - changing, and not static (unchanging). In works on psychology they write: “dynamic structure of personality.”

Bibliography

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I.B. Kotova Personality psychology in Russia. — M., 2002. Tags: Personality structure Abstract Psychology

The problem of personality in domestic and foreign psychology

On the one hand, man is a biological being, an animal endowed with consciousness, language and the ability to work; on the other hand, man is a social being, he must communicate and interact with other people.

Man is one and the same person, but is considered only a social being. When we talk about the individual, we are distracted from his biological-natural side. Not every person is a person.

Individuality is the personality of a particular person as a unique combination of certain mental characteristics.

A person is a person as a unit of society.

Some scientists believe that the human psyche is biologically determined, that all aspects of personality are innate. For example: character, abilities are inherited like eye and hair color.

Other scientists believe that every person always has certain relationships with other people. These social relationships form the human personality, i.e. a person learns the rules of behavior, customs and moral standards accepted in this society.

But natural biological characteristics are also absolutely necessary for human spiritual development. The human brain and nervous system are necessary so that on this basis it is possible to form the mental characteristics of a person.

If a living being that has a human brain develops outside of human society, it will never even become one of its species.

Most psychologists believe that a person is not born as a person, but becomes one. However, in modern psychology there is no unified theory of the origin and development of man. Let's take a quick look at some of them, e.g.

Biogenetic approach - (S. Hall, 3 Freud et al.) considers the biological processes of maturation of the organism as the basis for personality development,

Sociogenetic - (E. Thorndick, B. Skinner, etc.) the structure of society, methods of socialization, relationships with other people, etc.

Psychogenetic - (J. Piaget, J. Kelly, etc.), without denying biological or social factors, the development of current mental phenomena comes to the fore.

The national general psychological theory of personality is developing under the influence of scientific work: K.A. Abulchanova-Slavskaya, B.G. Ananyev, L.I. Antsiferova, L.S. Vygotsky, A. G. Kovalev, A. N. Lontev, B. F. Lomov, V. S. Merlin, V. N. Myasishchev, A. V. Petrovsky, K. K. Platonov, B. M. Teplov, S. L. Rubinstein and others.

This theory is based on an understanding of personality psychology as a unity of activity, consciousness of the individual and determining external conditions that act through internal causes.

Personality structure according to Freud

The structure of personality in Freudian psychology has three components: Id, Ego and Super Ego.

The first component of the Id is the oldest, unconscious substance that carries human energy, responsible for instincts, desires and libido. This is a primitive aspect, operating on the principles of biological attraction and pleasure, when the tension of sustained desire is discharged, it is carried out through fantasies or reflex actions. It knows no boundaries, so its desires can become a problem in a person’s social life.

The Ego is the consciousness that controls the It. The ego satisfies the desires of the id, but only after analyzing the circumstances and conditions, so that these desires, when released, do not contradict the rules of society.

The super ego is the repository of a person’s moral and ethical principles, rules and taboos that guide his behavior. They are formed in childhood, approximately 3–5 years, when parents are most actively involved in raising the child. Certain rules are fixed in the ideological orientation of the child, and he supplements it with his own norms, which he acquires in life experience.

For harmonious development, all three components are important: Id, Ego and Super Ego must interact equally. If any of the substances is too active, then the balance will be disrupted, which can lead to psychological abnormalities.

Thanks to the interaction of the three components, protective mechanisms are developed. The main ones are: denial, projection, substitution, rationalization, formation of reactions.

Denial suppresses the internal impulses of the individual.

Projection is the attribution of one's own vices to others.

Substitution means replacing an inaccessible but desired object with another, more acceptable one.

With the help of rationalization, a person can give a reasonable explanation for his actions. Formation of a reaction is an action used by a person, thanks to which he takes an action opposite to his forbidden impulses.

Freud identified two complexes in the personality structure: Oedipus and Electra. According to them, children view their parents as sexual partners and are jealous of the other parent. Girls perceive their mother as a threat because she spends a lot of time with her dad, and boys are jealous of their mother before their father.

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Bibliography

Antsiferova L.I. Psychology of personality formation and development / L.I. Antsiferova // Man in the system of sciences: collection of articles. - M.: Nauka, 1984 - pp. 426-434.
Zeigarnik B.V. Personality theory in foreign psychology / B.V. Zeigarnik. - M.: MSU, 1985. - 128 p.
Kamyshev E.N. Psychology and pedagogy: textbook / E.N. Kamyshev, L.I. Ivankina, I.A. Dubinina and others - Tomsk: TPU Publishing House, 2004. — — 79 p.
Petrovsky A.V. What we know about ourselves and what we don’t know / A.V. Petrovsky. - M.: Pedagogy, 2005 - 160 p.
Stolyarenko L.D. Psychology and pedagogy in questions and answers: textbook / L.D. Stolyarenko. - Rostov N.D., Phoenix N.D., 2001 - - 576 p.
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INTRODUCTION

The relevance of the problem of personality is one of the central ones in psychology; according to one of the psychologists, the origins of man can only partially be understood and rationalized. The secret of personality, its uniqueness, is not fully understood by anyone. The human personality is more mysterious than the world. She is the whole world. It is important to understand and accept the peculiar principle of “unknowability to the end,” and this provision is especially significant in the practice of psychological assistance.

No one, not even the person himself, can fully understand and understand his personality. This state of uncertainty is the beginning of psychological help.

The purpose of this work is to study personality and its formation.

To achieve the goal, it is necessary to consider the following concepts in more depth:

— Personality

— Individual

— Individuality

— Criteria for a mature personality

— Personality structure and its orientation

— Personality formation

Psychological psychology

Personal experience is the collection of social experience (socialization) of a person. This experience includes the knowledge, skills and abilities necessary for his life activities.

Knowledge is a system of scientific ideas about the laws of nature, society, education and development of man and his consciousness.

Skills are a person’s ability to work productively, perform high-quality and timely work in a new environment based on knowledge and skills.

Skills are automated components of target conscious activity.

The unit of regulation of personal behavior (self-control system) includes forms of mental cognitive processes, in particular: individual characteristics of feelings, perception, attention, memory, observation, imagination, thinking, language.

Biologically determined characteristics and qualities of personality:

anthropological characteristics - race, gender, age, etc.;
physical characteristics - body size and its structural and mechanical properties
external anatomy of the body;
functional and anatomical characteristics;
biochemical characteristics and pathology of selected elements;
Characteristics and types of temperament.
derived from these basic substructures.

Sign:

a set of basic, distinctive characteristics of a person, which are manifested in the peculiarities of his behavior and attitude to the surrounding reality
holistic education of a person that determines the characteristics of his activities and behavior
An ability is a person's intellectual property that is a necessary condition for the successful performance of certain types of activities.

The main source of personal activity is needs.

All aspects of personality are manifested in activity, and it is needs that force a person to act.

A need is a stimulus for activity that is recognized and experienced by a person as a need for something or as a lack of something.

Natural (of course) - directly ensures human existence in food, clothing, recreation, housing, etc. These are biological needs, but they are different from the needs of animals; the way a person satisfies them is social.

Spiritual or social needs (purely human). This is a necessity: verbal communication with other people, cultural knowledge (reading books, going to the theater, music, etc.).

Personality structure according to Jung

Jung identifies three components: consciousness, the individual unconscious and the collective unconscious. In turn, consciousness has two substructures: the persona, which expresses the human “I” for others, and the self as it is – the ego.

In the structure of consciousness, the person is the most superficial level (conformity archetype). This component of the personality structure includes social roles and statuses through which a person is socialized in society. This is a kind of mask that a person puts on when interacting with people. With the help of persona, people attract attention to themselves and make an impression on others. Behind external signs, symbols of covering oneself with clothes, accessories, a person can hide his true thoughts, he hides behind external properties. Symbols of confirmation of social status are also important, for example, a car, expensive clothes, a house. Such signs can appear in the symbolic dreams of a person worried about his status, when he dreams, for example, that an object that he is afraid of losing in real life, he loses it in a dream. On the one hand, such dreams contribute to an increase in anxiety and fear, but on the other hand, they act in such a way that a person begins to think differently, he begins to take the thing lost in a dream more seriously in order to preserve it in life.

The ego is the core of personality in its structure and combines all the information known to a person, his thoughts and experiences, and is now aware of himself, all his actions and decisions. The ego provides a sense of coherence, the integrity of what is happening, the stability of mental activity and the continuity of the flow of feelings and thoughts. The ego is a product of the unconscious, but is the most conscious component because it acts from personal experience and based on acquired knowledge.

The individual unconscious is thoughts, experiences, beliefs, desires that were previously very relevant, but having experienced them, a person erases them from his consciousness. Thus, they faded into the background and remained, in principle, forgotten, but they cannot simply be repressed, therefore the unconscious is a repository for all experiences, unnecessary knowledge and transforms them into memories, which will sometimes come out. The individual unconscious has several component archetypes: shadow, anima and animus, self.

The shadow is the dark, bad double of the personality; it contains all the vicious desires, evil feelings and immoral ideas, which the personality considers very low and tries to look less at his shadow, so as not to face his vices openly. Although the shadow is a central element of the individual unconscious, Jung says that the shadow is not repressed, but is another human self. A person should not ignore the shadow, he should accept his dark side and be able to evaluate his good traits in accordance with those negative ones hiding in the shadow.

The archetypes representing the beginnings of women and men are the anima, which is represented in men, the animus - in women. The animus gives women masculine traits, for example, strong will, rationality, strong character, while the anima allows men to sometimes show weaknesses, lack of strength of character, and irrationality. This idea is based on the fact that the bodies of both sexes contain hormones of the opposite sexes. The presence of such archetypes makes it easier for men and women to find a common language and understand each other.

Chief among all individual unconscious archetypes is the self. This is the core of a person, around which all other components are gathered and the integrity of the personality is ensured.

Jung said that people confuse the meaning of ego and self and give more importance to the ego. But the self will not be able to take place until the harmony of all components of the personality is achieved. The self and ego can exist together, but the individual needs certain experiences to achieve a strong ego-self connection. Having achieved this, the personality becomes truly holistic, harmonious and realized. If a person’s process of integration of his personality is disrupted, this can lead to neuroses. And in this case, analytical psychotherapy is used, aimed at optimizing the activities of the conscious and unconscious. Basically the goal of psychotherapy is to work with the "extraction" of the unconscious emotional complex and work with it so that the person rethinks it and looks at things differently. When a person becomes aware of this unconscious complex, he is on the path to recovery.

conclusions

Personality is the most important among metapsychological categories. All basic categories are integrated into it, drawn to it: individual, image, action, motive, attitude, experience.

Personality is a basic category and the subject of study of personality psychology. Personality is a set of developed habits and preferences, mental attitude and tone, sociocultural experience and acquired knowledge, a set of psychophysical traits and characteristics of a person, his archetype that determines everyday behavior and connections with society and nature. Personality is also observed as manifestations of “behavioral masks” developed for different situations and social interaction groups. As a personality develops, it can remove not only character traits.

Man, as is obvious, is not a conglomerate of disparate characteristics, mental elements. In the practice of communication, people see in each other a more or less holistic image, which makes it possible to distinguish one subject from another by his not only external, but also internal appearance.