Methods and types of character accentuations according to Leonhard, Shmishek

German psychiatrist Karl Leonhard introduced the concept of accentuated personality in 1968 and, with it, created one of the first character classifications. The scientist identified twelve pure types and divided them into three groups. Knowing and understanding these types will help you better understand people and understand yourself. Having an idea about a person and his character, you will be able to correctly adjust further communication so that it is pleasant for both you and your interlocutor.

Accentuation refers to individual traits that can develop into a pathological state. K. Leonhard, calling personality accentuated, does not consider it pathological. Otherwise, any deviation from the middle would be a pathology. Do not forget about individuals with bright character traits who are not mentally ill.

Table of contents

1. Four types of character according to Leonhard Demonstrative (hysterical) personalities
2. Pedantic (anankast) personalities
3. Stuck (paranoid) individuals
4. Excitable (epileptoid) personalities

Four types of character according to Leonard

Let's move on to the first group, which contains four types depending on society: demonstrative, pedantic, stuck, excitable. That is, these are four types of character. I note that in the headings I indicated the names in brackets - these are the names of the extreme forms, i.e. if this type is strongly expressed, then it is called this way. In the process of describing the types, I used these two concepts, which differ in “degree of severity,” as synonyms, which is probably incorrect. Although Karl Leonhard himself willingly replaced them interchangeably, at the same time, their interchangeability created contradictions in his own judgments.

Characteristic typical reactions

Each type of accentuation has its own way of emotional response. A study was conducted that allowed us to determine the following patterns:

1. The hyperthymic type uses positive refocusing, positive reappraisal, and focusing on planning.
2. The stuck type tends to blame others when failures occur.
3. The emotive type resorts to self-blame and rumination.
4. The anxious type chooses to ruminate, catastrophize, and blame others.
5. The cycloid type resorts to rumination.
6. The demonstrative type chooses positive refocusing.
7. The dysthymic type chooses rumination and catastrophizing.
8. Other types do not have pronounced stereotypical ways of experiencing negative situations.

I will definitely tell you more about the methods of emotional response (types of behavior in a negative situation) in another article.

Demonstrative (hysterical) personalities

With pronounced accentuation, this type is called hysterical. The main essence of this character: the ability to repress. For example, a hysterical person is able to stick needles into his skin and not feel pain, i.e. a hysteric is able to displace physical sensations from consciousness.

As for the ability to deceive, they are also doing well here. Many people are betrayed by external manifestations when they are crafty. Hysterics are able to displace the thought of deception from the mind and believe in what they say. Why will they blush if for someone they consider a lie to be the truth? Children can deceive without realizing that they are liars; by the way, little liars and gossips can most likely be classified as the demonstrative type.

Demonstrative personalities, unlike other types, are more adaptable. While playing a role, the hysteric completely gets used to it and even an unforeseen circumstance is not able to unsettle him.

It was said earlier that demonstrative individuals are capable of repression and their behavior may seem unconscious and aimless. This is wrong. Demonstrative individuals first set a goal for themselves, and consciously, and further actions can already proceed mechanically. And from this conclusion follows the following characteristic feature: thoughtlessness of actions. As Karl Leonhard further notes: hysterics are ready to do anything (all methods are good) to achieve their goal. Even further, the doctor Leonhard writes: “As you know, hysterics are very concerned about the impression they make. However, they are not able to think about their course of action in advance.” Apparently, in this context, he uses the word “hysterics” as a form of character that has gone beyond the boundaries of normality. They are cunning in their inventions, but this cunning is easy to expose, since, striving for a goal, such people indiscriminately use any means, continues Karl Leonhard. – If a hysteric even has a thought about the possibility of exposure, he will immediately push it out, because the future is foggy, and the demonstrative type always lives in the moment.

Hysterics, like other individuals, want to find a way out of troublesome situations, get away from unwanted work, earn material resources, and so on. Their difference from others in achieving these goals lies in the methods peculiar to them.

Demonstrative personalities love attention. People's gazes turned to the side amuse their vanity. Even disapproving glances satisfy hysterics. This does not mean that all such individuals crave attention. This behavior can be explained by the lack of inhibition (to which Karl Leonhard often refers later).

Hysterics for the most part believe that they are not being treated fairly.

Earlier we talked about the negative side of this personality, now let's move on to the positive traits. Firstly, without demonstrative individuals there would be no balance in society. Such personalities are needed in many professions where it is necessary to adapt to people, for example, in the service sector (and not only there). In family life, demonstrative individuals are able to smooth out relationships with difficult people due to their adaptability. We shouldn’t belittle the artistic abilities of this kind of people, because this is also a positive trait?

Extroverted and introverted type

K. Leongard divided these types according to different perceptions of information and reactions to what is happening. It is common for extroverts vividly perceive the surrounding reality, while introverts are more oriented inward and partially ignore external reality. Extroverts can succumb to the influence of others ; in this regard, an introvert is a stronger and more strong-willed person. Introverts have a narrow circle of acquaintances, they have few friends, and they do not occupy leading positions in the team. They do not like interference in their lives and try to focus on their inner voice. They try to the last to follow their inner beliefs and principles . Extroverts easily adapt to changing living conditions, easily make new friends and have a wide social circle. Open to everything unknown . They can change their own beliefs to achieve goals , they can deviate from their own principles for the sake of others. Each person, depending on the situation, may exhibit several types of accentuation simultaneously . By using positive traits and skillfully leveling out negative ones, you can benefit from your character traits. Analyzing the character traits of your interlocutor can help direct the dialogue in the right direction and avoid awkward moments.

Pedantic (anankast) personalities

With pronounced accentuation, this personality is called anankast. In ancient Greek mythology, Ananka, the goddess personifying inevitability or fate. In philosophy, this term means “necessity.” The first and most important thing that distinguishes anankasts from hysterics is their weak ability to repress. That is, demonstrative individuals quickly make a decision, while pedantic tendencies delay the answer, even if the “verdict” has already been made. Karl Leonhard explains this inhibition by the fact that anankasts are not able to repress doubts and this is what slows down their actions in general. Pedants can be called indecisive, and hysterics can be called frivolous.

The consciousness of pedantic individuals is still capable of repression if the decision is not of fundamental importance.

For the most part, damage is caused mainly only to the individual and subject to the severity of this trait. In the case of accentuation, the anancast has problems making decisions; when in doubt, he double-checks several times. This excessive control causes people to fall behind their peers. It is quite possible to compensate for this shortcoming with increased conscientiousness, but more on that later. This behavior will complicate professional and everyday life, as a result of which the joys of life are reduced.

In their work activities, pedants show a conscientious attitude to work, which, of course, is confirmed by facts. True, a responsible business can have a certain burden on an anancaste, because due to his uncertainty, it will be difficult for him to make an important decision.

If they deviate from the norm, pedantic individuals may worry too much about their health. Naturally, with moderate manifestations, this can be considered a positive trait. By the way, some situations can lead a person to hypochondria.

According to the observation of Karl Leonhard, pedantic individuals are extremely neat, which, of course, can be considered a positive trait. Pedants are not prone to spontaneously changing jobs because of some trifles. Often, pedantic individuals work in one place for a long time, and maybe their entire lives. This last remark can be seen as both positive and negative.

What are character accentuations?

accentuation is , you first need to analyze the meaning of the word “ character ”. Typically, the term “character” is understood by psychologists as a set of stable personality traits that leave an imprint on behavior, relationships with people and oneself. Character is reflected in the entire life activity of an individual, the choice of contacts, giving behavior an individual shade . Character accentuation is the personality traits that are most expressed in a person. Scientists all over the world are studying accentuation due to the fact that when a character trait is excessively manifested, it is possible to create conditions favorable for the formation of mental disorders. To find accentuations, Leongard created a questionnaire that determines an individual’s accentuations.

The presence of certain accentuations does not mean going beyond the limits of normality , but sometimes it can become a factor that interferes with the normal construction of interpersonal relationships.

Each type of accentuation has “ weak points” that are most susceptible to injury under the influence of negative factors. Repeated trauma of this kind leads to deviant behavior.

Stuck (paranoid) individuals

With pronounced accentuation, this type is called paranoid. Its basis is the stability of affect (a state of strong arousal). That is, a paranoid person gets “stuck” on his feelings, thoughts, and so on. A stuck person can be in a state of passion for a long time and any reminder of what happened brings them back to their initial emotions.

From the above, a characteristic feature of stuck individuals follows: vindictiveness and rancor. Paranoid people are also sensitive and touchy. Therefore, having identified such a character in your interlocutor, do not touch his pride and honor.

If successful, stuck individuals may become arrogant and self-confident. Like hysterics, paranoids are seen as vain people. Stuck individuals often become suspicious when society prevents them from realizing selfish goals.

Karl Leonhard noticed that in a stuck person, in the case of constant attacks from the outside, hatred towards the offender increases and at the same time, the affect that was discussed at the beginning is weakened, i.e. the personality is “tempered.”

What is interesting about stuck individuals is that they are equally likely to become both “bad” and “good” citizens. The pole in which paranoids will be depends on their own development and the influence of society on them. So, if an ambitious person achieves significant results and stands out from others, then the development of such a character follows a positive path. If a paranoid person does not play according to the rules of society, then against such a person, the latter may rebel, as a result of which suspicion may develop.

Since stuck individuals have a weak ability to repress, they need to gain real recognition in order to be proud of themselves. This is how ambition appears, which can be a driving force.

Biography

Karl was born in 1904 in Bavaria, and was raised in a believing family - his father was an evangelical priest. Until the age of 19, he dreamed of becoming a lawyer while studying at a gymnasium with a humanitarian bias, but he changed his vision of the future and began studying medicine. After graduating from university, Leonhard decided on the direction to which he devoted the rest of his life, namely psychiatry.

At the age of 28, after just a year of practice, he becomes the chief physician of a psychiatric hospital. In 1937 he received an academic degree and, at the same time, the right to teach, which he began in 1944. What follows is a period of changing several universities where he taught, until in 1957 he moved to the place with which many years of his career would be associated. We are talking about the Charite clinic, famous at that time.

Leonhard invested a lot of effort in the study of schizophrenia, its classification and clinical picture, including its diagnosis in the early stages of development, in childhood. Many publications have been written on this topic. In addition, he researched behavioral therapy and psychosis, the psychopathology of human behavior.

Maintaining connections with his colleagues from the Soviet Union, he was a regular at conferences on psychiatry, often citing famous Russian psychologists and scientists in his works.

Despite his colossal efforts, many of Leonhard’s ideas were accepted with difficulty by his contemporaries, some were completely rejected, and criticism fell upon him. Despite everything, he was widely known in the world community and was a member of the All-Union Scientific Society of Neuropathologists and Psychiatrists.

Excitable (epileptoid) personalities

With pronounced accentuation, this type is called epileptoid. Excitable individuals are not controllable enough. Epileptoids are guided mainly by instincts.

The reactions of excitable individuals are impulsive. They rarely hide their irritation. Epileptoids, unlike anankasts, are prone to frequent job changes. Due to the insufficient development of the level of thinking, excitable individuals are not predisposed to exchange opinions, and in case of disputes, to arguments. And this leads to argumentation in another way: demonstration of physical force and assault.

Excitable individuals do not “explode” over trifles; they accumulate their anger, which comes out at a critical moment. Epileptoids are prone to accumulation of affect.

Karl Leonhard noticed slowness and heaviness in them. He, during a conversation with excitable individuals, noticed that even simple questions can cause difficulty. If you give such a person the opportunity to speak, then their thoroughness will be clearly noticeable (great detail in what is described; due to a disorder of thinking, departure from the goal). By heaviness we mean difficulty in switching the psyche, i.e. excitable individuals find it difficult to build logical chains. This can lead to pedantry.

Unlike other types, excitable individuals are much more difficult to educate. They are more prone to gluttony and alcohol. You can often find epileptoids among alcoholics.

The behavior of excitable individuals, as well as demonstrative ones, can be explained by the lack of inhibitions. Epileptoids are often called heartless due to a lack of understanding of this type of people. Karl Leonhard, as a psychiatrist, often met such individuals and from this experience explains the reasons for their evil deeds: “Although an excitable person who committed gross violence is often characterized as heartless, soulless, and cruelty is considered the cause of the crime, such an assessment is based on a misunderstanding of these people. Their acts of violence are caused not by callousness, but by affective tension (stress). In a calm state, these people are affectionate, care about their children, love animals and are often ready to provide any help. These good feelings of the social order, just like the bad ones, do not experience inhibition. However, social duty of the highest order is, in general, an alien concept to them. They don’t realize that you can’t skip class, that you can’t get incredibly drunk, that missing at least one day from work is allowed only for a very good reason, that the employee is obliged to report to the boss.”

As a person matures, self-control increases, so excitable individuals become more restrained. And only under strong tension does self-control disappear.

Classification according to Lichko

Types of character accentuations have been studied by other psychologists. A widely known classification belongs to the domestic psychiatrist A.E. Lichko . The difference from Leonhard’s work is that the research was devoted to the accentuation of character in adolescence; according to Lichko, during this period psychopathy manifests itself especially clearly in all areas of activity.

Lichko identifies the following types of character accentuation::

Table 2: Lichko classification

In his works, Lichko draws attention to the fact that the concept of psychopathy and character accentuation in adolescents are closely related. For example, schizophrenia, as an extreme form of accentuation, is a schizoid type in adolescence. However, with timely detection of pathology, it is possible to correct the teenager’s personality.

Determination methods

The predominant type of accentuation can be identified using test methods developed by the same authors:

• Leonhard offers a test consisting of 88 questions that must be answered “yes” or “no”;
• subsequently it was supplemented by G. Šmishek; he introduced a difference in the form of changes in the wording of the questions, making them more general in order to broadly cover life situations. As a result, a graph is formed that clearly shows the most pronounced accentuation of character traits;
• The difference between the Lichko test and the test method for identifying the leading accentuation of Shmishek-Leonhard is in targeting a group of children and adolescents; it is expanded - 143 questions, which contain a typology of accentuations.

Using these techniques, you can determine the most pronounced types of character accentuations.

Six types of temperament according to Leonard

Four types of character were previously discussed. He (character) determines the direction of a person’s interests and the form of reaction. Temperament is a set of innate human properties, on its basis character is formed and developed, and the pace and depth of emotional reactions also depends on it (temperament). Karl Leonhard does not see a clear distinction between these two concepts.

Hyperthymic (hypomanic) personalities

With pronounced accentuation, this type is called hypomanic. Characterized by high spirits and talkativeness. Thought racing (constant change of thoughts) is a common occurrence for hyperthymic individuals. They always look at life optimistically and crave activities that lead them to success at work or in creativity. Due to deviations from the main idea (due to jumping ideas), hyperthymic individuals have many associations, and this is a direct path to creative thinking.

Hyperthymic individuals are called the life of the party; they are excellent conversationalists and can talk endlessly.

If this type is strongly expressed, then problems may lurk here: frivolity, violation of ethical standards. A person can take on a lot and not finish it. And many ideas may lead to projectism.

Hyperthymic temperament, with mild manifestations, is the norm.

Pedantic type

These people try to think through all possible options for action and behavior, so they cannot make an exact decision for a long time. Before doing something, they want to be completely sure that this is the best way out of a problem situation. Pedants take everything in life seriously , this can be both work issues and everyday issues. People around them may perceive this character trait with dissatisfaction and consider them boring and boring. They are distinguished by excellent perseverance ; they always bring what they plan to completion . People of the pedantic type are not ready for radical changes in their lives; they have difficulty surviving traumatic events, which can make them indecisive. They do not like to participate in conflicts and try by all means to avoid them.

Affectively labile (cyclothymic) personalities

With pronounced accentuation, this type is called cyclothymic. Labile – in the context of the note: mobile, unstable. This temperament combines the previous two. Affectively labile individuals are characterized by a change of state from one extreme to the other, i.e. from hyperthymic to dysthymic position and vice versa. Sometimes such a change in mood is spontaneous, which is worth taking into account. A good mood can make you want to chat, while sad events can make you feel depressed and slow in your thinking.

Cyclothymic individuals in a cheerful society can be the center of attention and play to the public, but in a serious circle of people they are likely to withdraw into themselves.

Karl Leonhard refutes the idea that the hereditary combination of hyperthymic and dysthymic temperament results in an affectively labile personality. With such compatibility, it is more likely to obtain a syntonic (consonant, coordinated) temperament, which is characterized by calmness and evenness of mood. “This observation is of interest primarily for those who are inclined to see something fundamentally negative in psychopathy (mental disorder). – Karl Leonhard finishes his thought. “Meanwhile, two psychopathy, put together, can result in normality.”

Cyclothymic type

Personalities of this type are characterized by wave-like changes in mood and behavior. During joyful events, they experience vivid emotions and feel a surge of activity. Some sad events turn them into inhibited and depressed, lacking initiative. These emotional states can change several times a day, depending on the energy felt. You can notice fluctuations during opposite states; during moments of recovery, they awaken a desire to communicate, self-confidence and openness. When they are depressed, they want solitude and are unsure of themselves.

Affectively exalted personalities

The name, despite its pronounced accentuation, is not exactly given by Karl Leonhard in his work. “The affectively exalted temperament, when it approaches psychopathy in severity,” writes Dr. Leongard, “could be called the temperament of anxiety and happiness.” Exaltation is enthusiasm, inspiration, excitement.

Affectively exalted individuals react very violently to any situation. They easily move into an enthusiastic state from a joyful event and into despair from sad situations. At first I wanted to write that this type is too sensitive, but I did not find Karl Leonhard using this definition to address affectively exalted individuals. This definition will be used to describe emotive personalities, which will be discussed further.

Activities in which it is necessary to reveal creative potential can captivate an exalted personality. Pity for people, extreme impressionability - this also characterizes this temperament. Alarmists can be classified as exalted individuals.

Karl Leonhard believes that in order to write poetry and other artistic activities, it is necessary to be able to give in to a high intensity of emotional experiences. Without people with an affectively exalted temperament, we would probably be left without many representatives of the creative professions.

Dysthymic type

Representatives of this type of accentuation look too serious , they are often characterized by a depressed mood . Constant negative experiences, lack of joyful feelings, anticipation of troubles limit their activity. They are characterized by a solitary lifestyle , they feel out of place in a large company, and they have few friends. They feel relaxed only in small companies with people they trust. They urgently need acceptance and understanding , love and friendship. They tend to fall into a depressed state; positive and joyful events change their mood only for a short period of time. They are often haunted by an unreasonable feeling of guilt , the future seems gloomy and foggy.

Always ready to help, reliable, conscientious . These are people you can rely on and not be afraid that secrets will be discussed.

They do the work at a slow pace , but efficiently and scrupulously.

Anxious or fearful individuals

Such individuals often become scapegoats. They may be afraid of the dark, dogs, other children and much more. An anxious person who has matured is more difficult to pick out from the crowd; they become less fearful, but in an argument their essence quickly becomes apparent; they are simply unable to defend their point of view.

Karl Leonhard attributes to them anankastic timidity, i.e. simply lack of self-confidence.

Fearful individuals may try to hide their nature through rude or defiant behavior. But again, such a temperament will quickly manifest itself.

Shmishek's technique

Hans Schmishek's method suggests taking a questionnaire to determine the type of accentuation. The test taker needs to answer 97 statements. There are only two possible answers: “Yes” and “No” (regarding how true the statement is in relation to the subject). You need to answer quickly, without delay, that is, the first thing that comes to mind.

The questions are divided into groups (types of accentuations), but in the questionnaire they are scattered. The result is assessed according to the table (it describes which questions correspond to which type). Some statements are similar, but this is necessary in order to comprehensively cover the type. Sometimes a person is not confident in himself or is afraid to take the test. For this purpose, the key has a special “Lie” scale. If it shows an unacceptable value (more than 5), it means the subject wanted to hide his true face or was confused in his own self-perception.

Emotive Personalities

Emotivity is a central concept in etymology, which is the science that studies emotions. Emotive personalities are characterized by sensitivity and strong reactions in the emotional sphere. There may be confusion here with an exalted personality, whose emotions develop much faster. Simply put: emotive - impressionable, sensitive, exalted - stormy, excited. Emotive personalities resemble cyclothymic ones, but in affect-labile individuals the reaction is not so strongly connected with experience. Therefore, emotive people cannot become infected with any mood, as cyclothymic people can.

Emotive individuals are more susceptible to being moved. They are soft-hearted and tearful.

Description of personality types in accordance with the development of Leonhard Schmishek

Demonstrative type of behavior

The sociability and courtesy of these individuals is obvious. Artistic and extraordinary personalities prefer everything non-standard and bright. They inspire trust and affection among others, are able to inspire ideas in themselves and others and influence their interlocutors.

Strives for leadership positions in the team, easily makes connections and contacts . In the most unsightly situations, he knows how to consider the advantages and use them for his own benefit. Despite the gentleness in communication, there is a tendency to initiate intrigue.

This type of personality is characterized by jealousy and envy, and often treats the success of others as their own failure. The personality can provoke conflict situations; some interlocutors are irritated by increased claims or self-confident statements. He strives to get the attention of others, and on this path all methods are good for him. People of this type are decisive, courageous, charming, bright individuals with well-developed intuition.

Pedantic personalities

Adherents of order in everything, follow the plan in their actions, and if they fail, they experience some irritation . Changes in life cause protest, as pedants have difficulty switching to new circumstances. They pay attention to external trifles and demand this from others; this trait is determined by the desire to control the situation, an attempt to subjugate objective circumstances.

In the business sphere, pedants are thorough, finish the work they start, and are scrupulous. In terms of health, such individuals behave reasonably and do not destroy it by drinking alcohol or other bad habits. Accuracy and strict adherence to standards are often combined with difficulty in making new decisions. Individuals have difficulty adapting to a team; they are indecisive, avoid bright actions, have inert thinking, and savor traumatic events for a long time.

Stuck Type of Human Nature

It harbors within itself for a long time and constantly experiences anger, resentment, fear , sometimes such feelings arise again after a long period of obvious attenuation. The most characteristic manifestations of feelings are envy, injustice, and jealousy. The type that gets stuck for a long time experiences the success of its activities vividly and for a long time.

A persistent and persistent nature, it is very difficult to change the type of activity, but in his field he often achieves outstanding results, strives to surpass other employees, and demands gratitude and real respect.

Stressful situations for the stuck type are uncertainty, violation of developed plans, dissatisfaction with oneself and lack of self-confidence, situations when there is a real leader who can take over his power.

Excitable type

This individual has increased reactivity of the nervous system , developed impulsiveness, hence rash actions and high excitability. The actions of others cause this type of personality a strong impression, such that thinking cannot quickly find the optimal way to react, and he responds with reactive actions.

The perception of someone else's opinion is difficult for excitable individuals, therefore, in order to achieve an adequate response, one has to resort to a long explanation. Often irritable and dissatisfied people respond sharply to criticism and show physical aggression, which they later regret.

Adaptation in society is difficult due to low contact , weakened self-control, disregard for ethical standards, despoticism and conflict. Their stress causes opposition, material and moral damage, the need to choose from many options, punishment for actions, and self-doubt.

Hyperthymic personality type

The mood of these people is constantly elevated, they are full of optimism, active, and cheerful . Kind, carefree and sympathetic, they have a lively mind and talkative nature. Often hypertims are interested in many things at the same time, but since they have unstable attention, they approach all interests superficially and often switch attention.

They have a negative attitude towards critical remarks, love freedom, and easily get used to difficulties. Failures that are difficult to overcome do not knock them out of their usual flow; duties and rules are considered optional. The mood and emotions of a person with this type of character are open and understandable to others. Irritability can be caused if his communication is limited.

Loneliness is an aggravating circumstance, so the type is indiscriminate in making acquaintances, easily finds new contacts and quickly adapts to society. Stress is caused by monotony of the surrounding space, monotonous work, excessive care and control, and lack of competitive spirit.

Dysthymic type of behavior

Due to decreased tone and inhibition of thinking, individuals rarely participate in sociable conversations. Shyness and indecisiveness reveal sublime feelings in nature in the complete absence of egoistic manifestations, and form ethical behavior. Individuals are characterized by a serious attitude to life, conscientiousness, responsibility, and a sense of justice.

Dysthymic natures are distinguished by independent judgments and have their own opinion on each issue. What prevents them from settling into their surroundings is pessimism, isolation, rudeness with friends and family, inertia, and the inability to participate in general joy. Stress is caused by the need to make new acquaintances, excessive moral and physical stress, noisy companies, responsibility for strangers, and rapid changes in situations.

Affective-lobal individuals

Realists by nature , such people do not consider themselves better than those around them, they calmly tolerate their shortcomings, with some temper, they quickly calm down and do not hold a grudge. If a period of sociability begins, then individuals easily make acquaintances and communicate, but as soon as the time of decline comes, a pessimistic mood makes you gloomily experience the smallest failures, avoid contacts and prefer loneliness.

Adaptation in society is hampered by excessive prudence, unstable self-esteem, resentment, pickiness towards others, a wide circle of friends, and the subjectivity of one’s own judgment . Stress causes the collapse of previously planned actions, the need for increased stress, separation from dear people, a change of environment, emotional reproach from people significant to him.

Affectively exalted nature

Characterized by speed of thinking and intensity of response to any events. The mood of a person changes at lightning speed from depression to happy euphoria, victories cause delight, failures unsettle . The motivation for actions is an altruistic mood; selfishness is extremely rare. Empathy for the troubles of friends, compassion for unfortunate animals drive exalted natures to despair.

Stress arises due to a tendency to self-examination, the need for responsibility, weakening of personal self-control, lack of necessary time, lack of communication, accusations of dishonesty, the presence of serious obstacles to the goal, public indications of shortcomings, monotonous work without change.

Emotive type

Nature is prone to long-term experiences from life impressions, mutual negative and positive experiences. A humane and sympathetic person, he subtly perceives surrounding events, and experiences the joy of full communication. Insight and developed intuitiveness allows you to unmistakably feel the change in the attitude of friends and loved ones; all feelings are reflected in facial expressions.

Difficulties with adaptation arise due to a tendency to long experiences, outbursts of anger or jealousy, increased suspiciousness, indecision in unfavorable situations, confusion, partiality and subjectivity of thinking. Stress causes violation of ethics by people around them, their indifference, callousness and rudeness, loss of friends or loved ones.

Neurotic anxious-fearful personality type

Behavior and thinking are characterized by constant anxiety, tension, and anticipation of troubles and sorrows. A person doubts the correctness of his own actions, thoughts and actions; when conflicts arise, he tries to avoid them or smooth them out by any actions. Suspiciousness for no reason is caused by internal experiences; since childhood, such people are afraid of the dark, cemeteries, dogs , thunderstorms, and communicating with new people.

The inability to stand up for their thoughts when the enemy is persistent sometimes leads such people into a state of timidity, humility, even humiliation, so there is a need to be harsh in order to defend their “I”.

Adaptation in a team is hampered by low self-esteem , the inability to defend one’s opinion and fight back, a feeling of constant helplessness, uncertainty, powerlessness, and vulnerability. Stress is dangerous in situations when an individual finds himself in an unfamiliar circle of people, there is a need for a public speech, an exam, a tournament, or a competition. The deterioration of morale is influenced by other people's ridicule, implausible accusations, loneliness and loss of loved ones, and talk of their imminent death.

Personal level according to Leonard

Karl Leonhard had his own idea about extroverts and introverts. He attributed these types to the personal level.

An extrovert is a person susceptible to environmental influences. Such people are easily influenced by their environment. They have superficial judgment and rarely analyze.

An introvert is a person with character, has his own values, and is not afraid to resist the environment. He lives not by perceptions, but by the ideas that are in his head. An introvert is more thoughtful, slower and indecisive in his actions.

Personal level accentuations

In addition, with the properties of temperament and character, Leongard identified a separate typology of the personal level. In total, he examined two types - an extroverted personality and an introverted one.

• An extrovert, according to Leonhard, is a person who has a high degree of adaptation to the world around him. These are open people who easily change their minds and often fall under the influence of others. They are able to quickly and effectively absorb new information and also easily meet new people.
• An introvert, according to Leonhard, is the opposite personality type to an extrovert. Their gaze is directed into their personal inner world. Such people prefer to rely on personal experience, reason, philosophize and, with only rare exceptions, act. Such people often show conservatism in all areas of life, lead a closed and unsociable lifestyle and do not allow anyone to interfere in their lives.

Conclusion

In this note, we looked at the typology that Karl Leonhard developed to describe the characters and temperaments of people (most often mentally ill). Although this classification is used in psychiatry (or rather, it was used), knowledge of these types can be useful to anyone who wants to better understand others and themselves. For a more detailed introduction to the concept of “accented personality,” you can read the work of the same name by Karl Leonhard, in which he not only described the types, but also presented their probable combinations. By the way, this book presents an analysis of 150 works, or rather the characters of these works, using this typology.

Hyperthymic type

They are cheerful , cheerful and energetic. They attract others with their inexhaustible optimism , generosity and responsiveness . They take on leading positions and love big companies. It is easy to find a common language with them; they are distinguished by pronounced gestures and pronounced facial expressions . Hyperthyms always want to do something ; they do not tend to spend time passively. They find it difficult to endure monotonous activities and strict discipline. They can’t complete a task, if it becomes uninteresting , they quit halfway.