Moral norms: concept, examples, differences from legal norms

Definition of moral principles

In other words, moral principles are requirements that must be strictly followed in all life situations.

The formation of moral principles is strongly influenced by upbringing, family relationships, religion, environment, and culture. What seemed unacceptable and reprehensible some time ago may become the norm and not cause condemnation. And vice versa: some things that were considered ordinary may become completely unacceptable.

It is moral principles that allow a person to choose the right path in life and influence decision-making in accordance with his conscience throughout his life, giving him a general direction for his activities.

Every person goes through several stages of moral development at different stages of his life, and his own moral principles can change under the influence of external factors.

Moral principles are something that is formed and can change throughout life, is relevant for a particular society and for each person separately, without these principles the existence of a harmonious society is impossible.

The importance of morality in human society

Morality is included in absolutely all areas of human life, while it itself is not an organized sphere of activity. Morality cannot be institutionalized or controlled in any way, but at the same time it is comprehensive. Ethical requirements are expressed in the form of an imperative, as a command to act in a certain way out of a sense of moral duty to other people.

Man is a biosocial being, therefore the presence of society is necessary for his normal life. Each of us has a need to be close to other representatives of the species Homo sapiens. Only with the help of morality, which manifests itself through rules and requirements, as well as the self-awareness of an individual and any community as a whole, is the collective expression of will expressed to harmonize individual and group interests.

In society there is a commonality of three elements of the structure of morality:

1. moral activity;
2. moral consciousness;
3. moral relations.

Morality is very important both for the life of an individual and for the normal functioning of society as a whole, because it acts as a natural regulator of relationships, a kind of internal censor to which we turn when we do not know whether we are doing the right thing.

History of the term "morality"

It is impossible to say exactly when society first began to think about what morality is.

The earliest source that describes this concept is the parables of Solomon (mid-10th century BC). During Homer's life, society was well aware of conscience, virtue, honor, and legality.

Confucius (6th–5th centuries BC) wrote about issues of morality and morality, who considered mercy, philanthropy and integrity to be the most important universal values.

Cicero made a great contribution to the formation of the concept of morality. He talked a lot about how ethics, morality and law relate to each other. He sought to show that it is impossible to separate the concepts of law and morality, since together they make it possible to rid society of chaos and create order. Of course, Cicero, who lived in the 1st century BC, was far from a pioneer on this topic. But it was he who introduced the definition of morality that we still rely on today.

Pythagoras, Socrates and Plato also raised questions of morality in their contemporary society and gave examples of highly moral behavior by the standards of that time.

The term “morality” originates from the Latin moralitas, moralis, mores - tradition, folk custom, behavior, and later - disposition, character, mores. Ancient Roman authors translated the word as “conformity to good morals.” In the 18th century, a similar word was used in French and meant “equal to the law, legitimate.” The word “morality” also came into Russian through French (la morale) in the 18th century.

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Is it possible to have universal moral standards?

Attempts to unify moral standards have been made for a long time. An example of this is such a direction of philosophical thought as moral absolutism. In a nutshell, moral absolutism presupposes the existence of certain absolute moral standards, so they need to be found and strictly followed. And at the same time, he admits that it is not so simple [T. McConnell, 1981].

Moral universalism, also known as moral objectivism, stands in approximately the same position. His main idea is that the creation of universal moral standards is not only completely feasible, but also necessary.

One of the first attempts to implement this idea can be considered the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen of 1789, which is the greatest achievement of the French Revolution [Assemblée nationale constituante, 1789]. In a more expanded form, this idea is implemented in the norms of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which sets out the fundamental rights and freedoms of citizens [UN, 1948]. However, their widespread and unquestioning compliance is still very far away.

We began our conversation with the fact that moral norms are rules of behavior that govern relationships between people, and following them is the moral duty of everyone. However, in order for these norms to be observed everywhere, it is necessary that all people, without exception, consider following them as their moral duty.

Since universal acceptance of the declared norms does not occur, this gives grounds for moral relativism, according to which there are no single absolute concepts of good, evil, morality and morality and all these concepts are relative [A. Kruglov, 2011]. Let us clarify that the word “relativism” goes back to the Latin relativus, which means “relative”.

Moral nihilism has gone even further, which not only does not recognize the existence of single absolute concepts of good and evil, morality and ethics, but even the possibility of subjectively evaluating something as “bad” or “good,” “moral” or “immoral.” From this approach there is only one step to permissiveness, a cultural crisis and problems with the law [V. Porus, 2013].

In this regard, moral nihilism has much in common with moral skepticism, also known as the theory of moral errors (in English, moral error theory). According to this theory, morality, and, consequently, moral norms as such do not exist and cannot exist. Therefore, everything that society considers morality is nothing more than an invention of society itself for its own peace of mind [J. Mackie, 1977].

So how then can we answer the question: is it possible for there to be single universal moral norms? To do this, let’s first try to answer another question: what rules and moral standards do you know? Most likely, there will be no difficulties here. Some will remember “thou shalt not kill,” “thou shalt not steal,” “thou shalt not commit adultery,” and the rest of the 10 Christian commandments; others will speak of the need to observe the principles of justice; and for others, the main norms are politeness and mutual respect. And, of course, almost everyone is ready to quote the famous “act towards others as you would/would like them to act towards you.”

At a minimum, everyone will agree with this in words. Discrepancies begin only when it comes to practice. And it’s not just about such extreme cases as killing an enemy in war. Most officials do not consider receiving a kickback to be theft, although the kickback is included in the estimate and this is the same money that could be used for things useful to society, and not in your pocket. And the commandment “do not commit adultery” will stop from this indecency not every person who has gone on a business trip and is tired of the family routine.

In general, listing the norms and rules of morality and following them are, as they say in Odessa, “two big differences.” If everything is so complicated, do we really need moral standards today?

Approaches to understanding morality

There are four approaches to understanding morality:

1. Religious. Its adherents believed that the source of morality is the absolute. To curb his passions, a person is forced to turn to God for help. Faith in him helps to follow the absolute rules of behavior.
2. Evolutionary. In the process of natural selection, a person acquires and inherits a certain line of behavior. According to this version, morality comes from the instinct of sociability of people.
3. Naturalistic. The root cause of morality is nature. The human mind defines natural moral values ​​as good or evil.
4. Cultural. Morality is one of the elements of society's culture.

What are moral standards?

So. The abundance of moral principles and norms must first be divided into two areas:

• permissions;
• requirements.

Philosophers distinguish obligations and natural duties in requirements, and they divided permissions into supererogatory and indifferent. Morality can be social, that is, it implies a general rule for everyone, regardless of nationality and religion. In other words, this is an unspoken set of rules that operates in a particular family or in any state. There are also guidelines that recommend how to build a line of behavior with individuals. To understand moral culture, you need not only to read useful literature, but also to do good deeds that will be accepted and appreciated by others.

Basic functions of morality

Morality performs the following functions:

• The integrative function of morality is to harmonize the internal state of a person.
• The evaluative function of morality is associated with a person’s ability to determine the criteria for his own and others’ actions based on the concepts of good and evil. Moral assessment is expressed in praise, blame, agreement, etc.
• The regulatory function of morality determines activities taking into account the needs of surrounding people and the entire society. Morality establishes social norms to be observed, imposes sanctions, and maintains rules of behavior.
• The controlling function of morality is checking the compliance of a person’s behavior with the norms established in society. Self-control based on the judgment of others or conscience.
• The educational function of morality is a mechanism for learning to live in society: how to learn to reckon with other people. Morality teaches us to understand and accept their needs and interests, shapes the individual’s personality, his worldview and personal concepts of good and evil.
• The value-orienting function of morality forms life values ​​and moral goals for each person, lays down the concept of the meaning of life.

Morality yesterday and today

The moral norms of society arose quite a long time ago. Each generation of humanity interpreted the understanding of good and evil in its own way. And also interpreted the norms of behavior in its own way. In a traditional society, we see the moral character unchanged. That is. A person of the past had no choice to accept or not accept these moral standards of humanity. He had to abide by them unconditionally.

Today, a person observes or considers ethical norms as recommendations for achieving good for himself and others. For the most part, modern society no longer observes moral laws, but legal ones.

Previously, morality was defined as a set of rules prescribed by God. However, today they are presented as a social contract, the terms of which are desirable to be observed. If a modern person violates moral standards, he will not be held accountable, but will only be condemned at a family dinner.

Adopting moral laws for oneself is everyone’s choice. But remember that they will be an excellent fertilizer for the sprout of a harmonious soul. You can reject them, then do not expect a human attitude towards your person. However, it so happens that humanity and all society revolves around morality and ethics. And without them, the modern generation of people would not have achieved humanity and virtue.

Classification of moral principles

A person recognizes moral principles as behavior that determines the nature of relationships in society.

The following moral principles are distinguished:

• The principle of humanism is the highest human value, which is expressed in love for one’s neighbor, protection of dignity, recognition of the right to a happy existence and self-realization.
• The principle of altruism is a moral norm that calls for providing selfless support to those in need.
• The principle of collectivism is the possibility of coexistence to achieve a common goal. It consists of cooperation, mutual assistance, and democracy.
• The principle of justice is equal rights and freedoms for all members of society. Social and economic benefits are available to everyone without exception and are distributed depending on the amount of effort on the part of each person.
• The principle of mercy is the willingness to sympathize and help those who ask, regardless of social status and appearance.
• The principle of peacefulness is based on the recognition of human life as the highest value. It assumes respect for national and regional characteristics and state sovereignty. Peacefulness helps maintain social order and mutual understanding between generations.
• The principle of patriotism is love for the Motherland, care for it, readiness to defend it from enemies, pride in state achievements, respect for history and respect for national property.
• The principle of tolerance means respect, acceptance and correct understanding of the rich diversity of cultures of our world, forms of self-expression and ways of manifesting human individuality. In other words, accepting the diversity of cultures without the desire to suppress or correct them.

Morality in culture

Morality, norms of human behavior and other values ​​are the embodiment of morality, since they determined the characteristics of human behavior and his consciousness in various spheres of life. For example, in the family, at work, in interpersonal relationships, and so on.

As for moral standards, this is a set of rules that determine human behavior according to principles. Failure to comply with them causes harm not only to human society.

These norms are formulated in the form of a specific set:

• give way to pregnant and elderly people;
• don't be late;
• say hello and goodbye;
• wear certain clothes;
• protect the helpless;
• help the weak and so on.

Moral principles of communication

Moral norms and principles in the context of communication:

• self-respect and showing respect to interlocutors;
• priority of other people's or public interests over personal ones;
• conscious avoidance of using life's benefits for the sake of achieving a set goal;
• tackling complex social problems and working under extreme conditions for higher goals or ideals;
• responsibility and free care for those in need;
• building relationships with members of society based on kindness and benevolence;
• recognition of the inviolability of the personal dignity of each person;
• politeness and respect for the interlocutor, the use of generally accepted ethical standards;
• communication is a two-way process, not a monologue, each participant contributes to it;
• equality of parties participating in communication, regardless of gender, age, social status;
• sincerity in expressing feelings, truthfulness of transmitted information;
• clarity and accessibility for all participants in communication;
• consistency and correct order of communication elements, for example, question-answer, encouragement to respond.

Freedom of autonomous will

The basis of morality is the freedom of autonomous will. Whenever we act constrained by an external force, we will be out of our morality.

Autonomy of the will will lead us to the path of morality only when we act on the basis of generally accepted principles, and not on the basis of our own interests.

Recognition of humanity as the highest value of any person. Using and manipulating people to achieve personal goals that are strictly moral.

While the laws of nature are the laws according to which everything happens on earth, the moral law is the law according to which “everything must happen.” Thus, moral law does not operate by granting and limiting like legal law, for example, but it nevertheless operates through respect and sometimes even through imposition and sanctions. At its core, the moral law has the highest value: the concept of GOOD, that manifest plenary can lead to happiness, and a deep knowledge of the values ​​of this law is the key to the concept of FREEDOM.

Lack of moral principles

A complete absence of moral principles is impossible - a person in any case has some idea of ​​​​what can and cannot be done. These ideas may differ significantly from those generally accepted in a particular society, then such a person may be called immoral. If a person stops developing his personality, stops setting goals and guidelines for himself, then he begins to degrade. Along with this, a regression of formed moral norms and rules begins.

Protect yourself and others

Sometimes selfishness reigns in the soul of a person, which then devours it. The funny thing about this unpleasant phenomenon is that a person expects too much from others and, not receiving it, considers himself useless and worthless. That is, the road from narcissism to self-flagellation and suffering on this basis is not so far.

But everything is very easy - learn to give joy to others, and they will begin to share the benefits with you. By developing moral and ethical standards, society can protect itself from traps into which it itself will fall.

Different groups of people may have different sets of unspoken rules. Sometimes an individual may find himself caught between two positions from which to choose. For example, a young man received a request for help from both his mother and his wife. In order to please everyone, he will have to break up, in the end someone will say in any case that he acted inhumanely and that the word “morality” is apparently unknown to him.

So moral standards are a very subtle matter that you need to understand thoroughly so as not to get confused. Having some behavioral patterns, it is easier to build your own actions on their basis. After all, you need to be responsible for your actions.

Ethical norms, standards. Professional ethics. Business Etiquette. Purpose of speech etiquette.

Group 2IR

Profession 01/15/05 Welder (manual and partially mechanized welding (surfacing)

Discipline: Business Russian language and speech culture

Teacher ׃ Kotyk Elena Nikolaevna

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You need to delve into the provided lecture text, make a supporting summary and answer questions for self-control.

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21-23.10.2020. Topic: Ethical norms and standards. Professional ethics. Business etiquette. Purpose of speech etiquette.

Goal: To teach effective communication skills in various communication conditions;

Master business communication skills;

Improve general speech culture;

Reveal the variety of stylistic possibilities of the Russian language in official business speech

Form the basics of the conceptual apparatus. Strengthen and strengthen interest in the Russian language

Contents of educational material

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BUSINESS ETHICS

Ethics

– is a system of universal moral norms and requirements of behavior implemented in the process of social life; moral theory.

The fundamental norms of ethics are respect for the self-esteem and status of another person, understanding the motives of behavior and the interests of other people. Ethics in any area of ​​human communication is also represented by a certain set of rules and norms of behavior relating to formal communication - in an official setting, with representatives of the authorities, government bodies, etc.; and informal - friendly, family, communication between strangers.

Morality

, as a product of historically developed social agreements, there is a set of rules that include prohibitions on certain actions, words and deeds of people. With the help of moral standards, society influences people for the purpose of social well-being. It contains codes that provide basic human principles - “thou shalt not kill,” “thou shalt not steal,” etc.

In relation to small social communities, there is the concept of a moral and psychological climate

, as a stable emotional and moral state of members of a certain group, characterizing the general mood and attitude towards each other. The morality of human relations is a form of social consciousness that ensures the regulation of behavior in all areas of human activity.

Ethics of business communication

is a science that studies the patterns of formation and manifestation in the business sphere of moral standards in the relations between employees and management, producers and consumers, trade workers and buyers, companies and society, enterprises and the state.

Ethics of communication and behavior in the field of business relations - corporate ethics

– provides for traditions and symbols transmitted orally to each newcomer to the workforce. The rules of behavior of a team member in relation to employees “horizontally” and “vertically”, partners and clients, the media and authorities are formulated in writing.

BUSINESS CONVERSATION

The problem of business communication culture cannot be studied without connection with the philosophical problem of values. The moral position deserves attention, according to which a business that ignores the principles of humanism and patriotism is immoral, ineffective and, in the long term, short-lived.

In psychology communication

is defined as
the interaction of two or more people, consisting in the exchange of information between them of a cognitive or affective-evaluative (emotional-evaluative) nature.
Both an individual and a group can act as subjects of communication. If we consider what and why people communicate, and highlight all possible functional situations, we get the following:

• the purpose of communication is outside the interaction of subjects;

• the purpose of communication lies within itself;

• the purpose of communication is to introduce the partner to the experience and values ​​of the initiator of communication;

• the purpose of communication is to introduce the initiator himself to the values ​​of the partner.

In this case, we are interested in business communication, i.e. communication that has a goal outside itself and serves as a way to organize and optimize one or another type of objective activity: production, scientific, commercial, etc.

Any common cause requires communication and interaction between participants as a necessary means of ensuring its effectiveness. In business communication, the subject of communication is the matter.

The following features of business communication can be distinguished:

• a partner in business communication always acts as a person significant to the subject;

• communicating people are distinguished by good mutual understanding in matters of business;

• the main task of business communication is productive cooperation.

Communication is determined by the idea of ​​the partner that develops in perception. In social psychology, perception is understood as a holistic image of another person, formed on the basis of an assessment of his appearance and behavior.

Human communication is structured differently depending on who we are communicating with. For each category of partners there are, as it were, different “techniques” of communication, the choice of which is determined by the characteristics of the partner. Therefore, the most important characteristics in a given situation are those that allow the partner to be classified into a certain group. It is these characteristics that are perceived quite accurately. The remaining features and features are simply completed according to certain schemes. Perception errors are caused by the action of certain factors: superiority, attractiveness and attitude towards the perceiver.

Business communication is, first of all, communication, i.e. exchange of information that is significant for the participants in communication.

All means of communication are divided into two large groups: verbal (verbal) and nonverbal (body movements, intonation characteristics of the voice, tactile influence, spatial organization of communication). Business communication involves not only and not so much the transfer of emotional states, but the transfer of information.

When transmitting information, it is necessary to first formulate the idea that has arisen verbally in internal speech, then transfer it from internal speech to external speech, i.e. express. This statement must be heard and understood.

At each stage, information loss and distortion occur. The magnitude of these losses is also determined by the general imperfection of human speech, the inability to fully and accurately translate thoughts into verbal forms.

The main content of communication is the impact on the partner. In communication there is a constant reaction to the actions of another.

One of the possible ways of understanding communication, which makes it possible to see the meaning and content of the actions of the partner and one’s own, is the perception of the position of the partners, as well as their positions relative to each other.

The communication process can always be considered as a local act: a conversation with a specific interlocutor, a discussion of specific issues by a group of people.

In expanded form, the following stages of communication can be distinguished:

• establishing contact;

• orientation to the situation (people, circumstances, etc.)

• discussion of an issue, problem;

• decision-making;

• output of their contact.

The conscious identification of these stages and their regulation largely determines the effectiveness of business communication.

The basis for the success of any modern collective activity is relationships of cooperation and mutual assistance as opposed to conflict and confrontation.

A working group (team) is a social group, a community of people united by joint activities, unity of goals and interests, mutual responsibility, relationships of partnership and mutual assistance.

The psychology of a work group is a set of certain socio-psychological phenomena that arise in the process of its formation and functioning on the basis of any internal connections of forms and methods of mutual satisfaction of the needs of its members.

A work group is an organization that has the following features: division of functions between employees, enshrined in rules or instructions; job hierarchy, chain of command; loyalty of each employee to the organization, etc.

The pyramid structure of any team brings to the fore the problem of leadership.

Leadership is a special case of management, a set of processes of interaction between a leader and a subordinate, an activity aimed at encouraging employees to achieve a goal by influencing individual and collective consciousness. Any manager has to decide which tasks are top priority and which can wait; what he can do himself and what he can entrust to others; how to direct the activities of employees.

The method of implementing the assigned tasks can be characterized as a leadership style (authoritarian, democratic, liberal). An important quality of a leader is mastery of different styles and the ability to apply them depending on the specific situation, the specifics of the tasks being solved, the socio-psychological characteristics of both employees and their own personal qualities.

Since its inception, ethics has been in interaction with communication. The role of moral culture is manifested in the fact that it promotes communication.

Improving moral culture is one of the important factors that normalizes communication between the parties to the conflict.

Communication is a side of a broader phenomenon - human behavior, one of the sides of which is etiquette, i.e. established order of behavior.

Business etiquette is the most important aspect of the morality of professional behavior of business people. The rules of etiquette, clothed in specific forms of behavior, indicate the unity of two sides: moral, ethical and aesthetic.

HISTORY AND PRINCIPLES OF ETIQUETTE

As long as human society has existed, it has been trying to regulate, influence, influence the actions and behavior of an individual.

The forms of regulation of human behavior are different. These include:

• legal norms;

• traditions, customs;

• habits;

• moral standards.

Legal standards

find their expression:

a) in laws, various legal acts (for example, a decree of the president of the country) - at the level of the state or its subject;

b) in international laws and regulations - if the state is part of the alliance that issued the corresponding regulatory act;

c) in various regulatory documents of a narrower focus, for example, fire safety rules, traffic rules, etc.;

d) in departmental instructions (official and other), information letters, letters of explanation, methodological instructions and others that are valid within the department.

Violation of legal norms at the state level (laws) entails punishment for the violator, who can be a legal entity or an individual. Types of punishments are fixed in the texts of laws.

Violation of norms at the departmental level also entails very specific measures, for example, failure to pay income tax on time is punishable by a fine, which must also be paid within a strictly prescribed period and in a certain amount.

Violation of the mandatory standards specified in the organization's instructions may lead to a reprimand or reprimand, a fine, depreciation or dismissal from the position.

So, violation of norms leads to standardized punishment.

However, legal norms apply only to certain forms of human life. Traditions, customs, habits, and moral norms play an equally important role in regulating individual behavior.

Moral standards

are the result of centuries of experience of human society, which has always strived to ensure that each person and society as a whole can coexist harmoniously.
Humanity has constantly pursued, as one of the most important goals, harmony in the living together of people. Moral norms arose as a result of human efforts to distinguish between good
and
evil,
to determine what
virtue is.
There are two points of view. One of them contains the statement that a person’s desire for good is constant and natural. This is a respectful approach to a person. This position was held by Democritus, Epicurus, Lucretius, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, Feuerbach and others.

Another point of view is that it is not so important what a person himself strives for, what is more important is to confront him with the need to obey duty. This approach is characteristic of Kant and Luther. The collision of these two trends reflects the essence of morality, revealed in the main problem: what is the ratio of the evil and good principles in a person?

In modern business practice, such traits as hard work, selfless benevolence, punctuality, timely execution of orders and instructions, truthfulness, accuracy, fair decisions, etc., qualify as moral qualities.

Conversely, bribery, unscrupulousness, corruption, falsification of facts, evasion of responsibility, etc. are assessed as immoral. Moral standards differ from legal ones in that they are not recorded in state and international regulatory documents. Violating moral standards does not carry the same penalties as violating legal standards; Most often, violation of moral principles is punished by public censure, which manifests itself in various forms - in the form of critical comments, condemnation, reproach, refusal to communicate.

are based on moral standards .

They are very diverse - in different countries, regions, and different nationalities. For example, among some peoples, white traditionally means elegance and festivity, while among others it means mourning; Among many German-speaking nations, according to tradition, the most honorable place at the table is to the left of the hostess, and according to modern international traditions, the most honorable place at the table is to the right of the hostess. There are many similar examples.

Traditions based on moral standards are the basis for the formation of external manifestations of human behavior and actions and are significantly reflected in the relationships between people in the process of carrying out business relations, namely:

• in behavior during business meetings and negotiations;

• in clothing, its neatness, cleanliness, impeccability;

• in business conversations;

• in the organization and equipment of office space and

workplace;

• in behavior during business receptions, etc.

Modern business traditions require such traits as tact, goodwill, courtesy, punctuality, politeness, faithfulness to one's word, the ability to listen, and the ability to control oneself in conflict situations.

Traditions do not remain unchanged: some cease to exist, are erased from memory and use, others are born and gradually gain strength and spread, some change not the essence, but the forms of manifestation.

Changes in the government system, culture, the nature of the relationships between the peoples inhabiting a certain country and the globe, as well as technical, technological, scientific progress, the development of means of communication - all this affects traditions.

Why is it necessary to observe traditions in our “enlightened age”? Aren't they fetters, shackles on the feet of modern man and society as a whole?

The fact is that by adhering to existing traditions - within reasonable limits, of course - we can avoid many conflicts, mutual misunderstandings, unnecessary contradictions and even hostile attitudes towards ourselves. Therefore, it is important to know and try to adhere to the traditions and customs that exist in the country where a person is going on a business trip or on vacation, and to take them into account both in friendly communication and in business interpersonal contacts.

There is, however, a point of view, shared, fortunately, by a very small part of society, that adherence to traditions, even very moderate ones, creates an obstacle to the natural manifestation of personality traits and interferes with freedom of communication.

This position is unjustified, since it is mutual respect for the traditions of business partners representing their companies located, for example, in different countries that will help make business contacts soft, eliminate differences in understanding goals, assessing ways to achieve them, which will ultimately lead , to making a joint decision without unnecessary complications and emotional losses.

Following traditions allows you to show respect for other people, the customs of the country, and its culture. It is not without reason that statesmen and politicians, when planning a visit to another country or region of their country, strive to familiarize themselves in advance with the traditions and customs of that area (an example is the well-known generally accepted Russian custom of greeting with “bread and salt”, although it is obvious to everyone that, in addition to respect for the foundations nation, such a treat does not carry any functional load).

As already mentioned, violation of the legal framework entails punishment determined by the relevant regulations - legal regulations.

Violation of moral norms, as well as traditions and customs, is usually punishable, but the forms of punishment can be different:

public censure, remark, refusal to communicate, reluctance to continue friendly relations in the future, condemnation, ridicule. Sometimes even a disapproving look, an ironic smile or an ironic tone of spoken phrases are quite noticeable punishment.

So, legal, moral norms, traditions, customs are similar in essence, reasons for their occurrence; sometimes they differ from each other only in their forms of manifestation. For example, theft is condemned both by legal standards and by previously existing and existing today moral norms, traditions of all nationalities, and customs.

The principles of social life, expressed in various forms - in the form of legal, moral, traditional, etc. - served as the basis for that sum of norms, standards, recommendations, requirements for the behavior and actions of people, which is commonly called etiquette

.

In modern society, practically no diplomatic, political, cultural, economic or other relations can be free from the rules of etiquette.

Etiquette

(etuquette) is
a French word meaning manner, a way of behaving in society.
Modern researchers of social life and historians argue that the birthplace of etiquette is Italy in the 14th century, which not only differed from barbaric England, Germany and even France in respect for strength, wealth and birth, but also considered it obligatory for rich and noble people to have pleasant manners, courtesy, ability to behave in society.

Moreover, education was also considered very desirable - and this was when, for example, France did not respect representatives of the sciences, despised scientists, and considered their studies pointless. Historically, etiquette arose primarily in palaces, which is why it was called palace or state.

Naturally, the norms of behavior of sovereigns during meetings, developing, gave birth to diplomatic etiquette, since diplomats during negotiations expressed the state point of view. At the same time, military etiquette developed, maintaining the harmony and strictness of the rules of behavior in the army, without which order would simply be impossible.

Other types of etiquette also appeared - secular, sometimes now called general civil.

The “youngest” of them is business etiquette.

The requirements of etiquette, including business ones, are not absolute; they change over time, under the influence of factors mentioned earlier.

The modern business person follows these unwritten norms of behavior. We can recommend that he not just blindly and unconditionally fulfill the requirements of business etiquette, but try to understand their inner meaning and content, which makes them necessary in business communication.

Manners reflect a person's inner culture, his true attitude toward morality, his understanding of moral requirements, and also, dare we say it, his intelligence.

Business etiquette is an important component of business relationships, based on centuries-old wisdom that defines ideas about spiritual values ​​(justice, honesty, faithfulness to one's word and material values ​​- organization, high design level).

We can say that business etiquette

- This is the external expression of a person’s internal morality and culture.

Business etiquette is based on the following principles

:

1. Common Sense: Business etiquette should not contradict common sense, and common sense dictates that business etiquette in general is aimed at maintaining order, organization, saving time and other reasonable goals.

Etiquette norms that violate business relationships and established rules of communication cannot be supported by common sense.

2. Freedom: this means that the rules and norms of business etiquette, although they exist and are very zealously enforced, nevertheless should not interfere with the free expression of each business partner, the freedom to choose business partners, the freedom to select methods and means of executing agreements between parties.

Freedom also presupposes a tolerant attitude towards the manifestation of national characteristics, cultural national traditions, loyalty to a freely expressed point of view, to various business positions. However, such a principle of business etiquette as freedom is limited:

• common sense;

• climatic conditions;

• traditions;

• national characteristics;

• political regime, etc.

3. Ethics: the entire complex of norms, standards, requirements, recommendations that make up business etiquette, by its very essence and content, simply must be ethical, moral, i.e. business etiquette is entirely focused on goodness. But how to interpret this main category of morality, in other words, what is considered good and what is considered evil, in the business sphere is a complex and ambiguous question. The entire content of this area of ​​knowledge, as well as the academic discipline “Business Etiquette,” has as its main goal “surrounding” business with many “ethical filters” that leave immoral behavior and actions of people outside the scope of business relations.

4. Convenience: the norms of business etiquette are not shackles, shackles, or shackles on the hands and feet of business partners; they should not fetter business people, thereby interfering with business relationships and slowing down the development of the economy. Everything should be convenient for a business person - from the layout of the office space to the placement of equipment in it, from business clothes to the rules for making presentations and the requirements for business negotiations, and these conveniences must be provided equally for all participants in business relations.

5. Expediency: the essence of this principle is that each prescription of business etiquette should serve certain purposes. Types of business relationships - presentation, business conversation, negotiations, etc. - have diverse goals, and every aspect of business etiquette should correspond to them.

6. Cost-Effective: Ethical business dealings should not cost too much; the high “cost” of morality in business is in itself unethical, since it represents a deduction either from the profit of the organization or from the income of an individual employee. Reasonable cost is a consideration that should guide the protocol department of an organization.

7. Conservatism: this principle is self-evident, since the roots of business etiquette are in state etiquette, which has a long history, in military etiquette (of equally respectable age), in secular (civil) etiquette, which, although not so long ago, exists , however, his concepts have won a strong place in the life of society and have become classic. Conservatism in the external appearance of a business person, in his manners, inclinations, commitment to certain traditions involuntarily evokes associations of something unshakable, durable, reliable; and a reliable business partner is the ultimate desire for every business person.

8. Ease: the norms of business etiquette should be such that compliance with them does not turn into something imposed, rejected psychologically; they are natural, performed with ease and without tension. (Attention! Do not confuse ease with unceremoniousness, laxity, inattention to others, bad manners!)

9. Universalism: this means that you should try to ensure that every recommendation or norm of business etiquette is aimed at many

parties to business relationships.

10. Efficiency: the essence of this principle is that the standards of business relations should help reduce the terms of execution of contracts, conclude a larger number of contracts, reduce the number of conflicts in the team, etc.

Ultimately, using business ethics is cost effective.

Self-control

Questions for self-control:

1. What is business etiquette?

2. What is the historical basis of business etiquette?

3. How are traditions, customs, habits, legal norms and business etiquette related?

4. What are the principles of modern business etiquette and how do they differ from previously existing ones?

5. How do the principles of business etiquette influence its essence, content and directions of development?

6. What, in your opinion, are the prospects for changes in business etiquette standards?

7. What is the importance of following the requirements of business etiquette for establishing effective business relationships?

I hope that the lesson material will be useful not only for general development, but also in your professional activities.

Custom

A moral norm is not only generally accepted, as a result of its derivation by some elite, it can also be a custom. It represents a repetitive pattern of actions that is especially important in order to maintain a certain position in society. In Muslim countries, for example, traditions are more revered than other moral norms. Customs based on religious beliefs in Central Asia can cost lives. For us, who are more accustomed to European culture, legislation is an analogue. It has the same impact on us as traditional moral standards have on Muslims. Examples in this case: a ban on drinking alcohol, closed clothing for women. For our Slavic-European society, the customs are to bake pancakes on Maslenitsa and celebrate the New Year with a Christmas tree.

Among moral norms, tradition is also distinguished - a procedure and pattern of behavior that is preserved for a long time, passed on from generation to generation. A kind of traditional moral standards, examples. In this case, these include: celebrating the New Year with a tree and gifts, perhaps in a certain place, or going to the bathhouse on New Year’s Eve.

Moral feelings and self-control (8th grade)

Self-control is the ability to control one’s behavior, based on the use of will, to resist the influences of the external environment and internal drives. Thanks to self-control, we are able to subordinate our own emotions and realize our own imperfections. Self-control can be called a strength of character, thanks to which we can suppress unnecessary emotions, control feelings and overcome complexes. Self-control is a strong-willed quality necessary for every successful person, whether he grows potatoes or commands an army.