Classification and principles for determining personality psychotype

We are all different. And we are talking not only about the external data that nature gave us. We differ from each other in behavior, reactions to certain situations, characteristics of interaction with society, mentality, etc. Human development has long been the object of study by psychologists and scientists. As a result of observations of people that have been going on since ancient times, various psychological typologies of personality have emerged.

They say that if you understand typologies, you can make your life a lot easier: firstly, you will understand yourself, your characteristics, strengths and weaknesses; secondly, at a minimum, learn to interact effectively with people. Is this really so and what personality typologies will help “reveal all the cards” of a person, we will tell you in this article.

Welcome to the world of amazing people!

Antique typology

Even before Theophrastus, Hippocrates created the doctrine of the internal juices (or liquids) in the human body. This is: yellow bile (lat. cholos),

black bile (lat.
melas cholos),
blood (lat.
sanguis)
and mucus (lat.
phlegma)
. From the four main juices he derived four temperaments:

• Choleric (mood changes strongly and quickly, tense, mental states are directed primarily outward).
• Melancholic (the mood is strong, but changes slowly, tense, mental states are directed mainly inward).
• Sanguine (mood changes slightly and quickly, is not tense, mental states are directed primarily outward).
• Phlegmatic (mood changes slightly and slowly, is not tense, mental states are directed primarily inward).

Classification of people by temperament

Few people know that the founder of the definition of personality types is the famous ancient Greek physician and philosopher Hippocrates. Being a leading doctor of his time, he conducted many interesting experiments.

Since Hippocrates was a supporter of materialism, he tried to find a connection between temperament and the amount of one of 4 fluids in the body: lymph, blood, yellow and black bile.

As a result, he introduced 4 main types of temperament:

• choleric;
• phlegmatic person;
• melancholic;
• sanguine

According to Hippocrates, yellow bile predominated in the body of choleric people, black bile - of melancholic people, lymph - of phlegmatic people, and blood - of sanguine people.

For obvious reasons, modern medicine cannot take seriously these conclusions of the famous ancient Greek doctor, who did not leave behind any explanation as to how he managed to identify such patterns.

An interesting fact is that Hippocrates compared a person’s character with his physical health. He believed that in our body thoughts, the state of organs and emotions are inextricably linked.

In modern medicine and psychology there is such a direction as psychosomatics. Psychosomatics (“psyche” - soul and “soma” - body) studies the influence of psychological factors on the occurrence and course of somatic (bodily) diseases. By approaching this issue correctly, many people have managed to get rid of various ailments associated with psychosomatics.

Historical background

Logic of development of classification hypotheses in psychology

The entire history of humanities research from a systemic and classification perspective is an arena of struggle between two opposing methodological directions, the goals of which were:

1) “catch” the central organizing link, a kind of engine of any structure, and distribute people according to the qualitative specifics of these central links;

“The typological approach consists of a global perception of man and the subsequent reduction of the diversity of individual forms to a small number of groups united around a representative type” (Maley, 1960).

2) decompose the psyche into its component parts in order to understand the work of its parts and create a classification based on differences in the structure and quality of the parts.

“It is necessary to reduce all personality traits to elementary mental elements and elementary forms of basic psychological laws that reveal the nature of the discovered connections” (Polan, 1894).

Currently, there are several thousand different psychological classifications that indicate certain differences between people or mental characteristics as such.

Classifications may have different basic scales of generalization and degrees of internal rigor.

Classification of people and psychological characteristics

The logic of the development of psychological classifications required the parallel existence of two scientific approaches: one of which was called “psychology of types”, and “others - psychology of traits”. Over time, both approaches shifted towards each other: the psychology of types - in attempts to understand the structure of the psychological traits of each type, the psychology of traits - in attempts to achieve a higher system of generalizations.

“As soon as the fact that the observed traits do not correspond to individual essential mental characteristics, but are only aspects of personality and behavior, received general recognition, the need immediately arose to identify the fundamental factors underlying these traits. Hymans and Wiersma, as well as other scientists after them, tried to solve this problem. However, all these studies were fragmentary, their results were determined by preliminary hypotheses, and the choice of features, as a rule, was determined by the personal opinion of the researcher "R. Miley.

An example of the development of trait psychology (stages):

1. Identification of types of love as psychology of traits. In ancient times, the typology of types of love was very popular, which included:

Sources used:

• https://healthperfect.ru/tipologiya-lichnosti-v-psihologii.html
• https://studopedia.ru/24_36269_chelovek-individ-individualnost-lichnost-tipologiya-lichnosti.html
• https://studopedia.ru/14_67995_tipologizatsiya-lichnosti.html
• https://ru.qaz.wiki/wiki/psychological_typologies

What is personality

A personality is a person who enters into relationships with the environment and manifests himself in the process of activity. It is also a set of properties, qualities, mental abilities, physical and emotional characteristics. They make a person individual and are revealed in the process of interaction with society.

Personality is manifested through habits and preferences, the use of accumulated knowledge. Different situations lead to changes in behavior; a person determines tactics based on experience, relying on emotions. Depending on this, there are different types of people. For example, they are divided by their ability to perceive information. Visual learners trust their eyes more, auditory learners trust hearing, and kinesthetic learners trust tactile sensations.

Features and methods for determining psychotype

Determining the psychological characteristics of a person for certain purposes is the responsibility of a separate branch of psychology - psychological diagnostics. To determine psychotypes, various methods are used: tests, questionnaires, conversations.

Psychological consultations provide a specific person with knowledge that helps them better understand a certain situation, as well as adjust their actions in it. Modern psychology has a number of studies that make it possible to determine psychotypes by appearance, habits and a number of other characteristics.

Psychodiagnostic methods are classified according to several parameters:

By type of task:

• projective;
• multifactorial;
• accentuation;
• physiological;
• effective.

By form:

• blank;
• computer;
• sensory.

To address:

• conscious;
• unconscious.

Personality types in psychology

In psychology, there is a classification of people according to personality types:

• Explosive. A person reacts violently to events or words and is characterized by increased excitability. He is sullen, usually cruel and overly impulsive;
• The hysterical type wants to be recognized and noticed. For him, the main thing is the presentation of himself and his own emotions. He is extravagant, his behavior is theatrical. Such a person is fickle and cannot be called sincere. He overacts, trying to increase his importance;
• The asthenic type is fearful, too vulnerable people. They have little stamina and get tired quickly. A person is always preoccupied with something, tends to invent illnesses and create problems. The sad mood hides behind a mask of indifference, sometimes it seems too cheeky;
• The psychasthenic type is overly anxious and indecisive. He always doubts his actions and regrets what he has done. Such people double-check everything, are prone to pedantry, and follow instructions exactly;
• The schizoid type avoids contacts, finds it difficult to establish communication, and is unable to empathize. A person finds himself in creativity, escaping from reality. He is cold, angular, awkward, afraid of new things.

Classification depending on character

Unlike temperament, which is considered an innate personality trait, character is a concept with a broader meaning. A person’s character is formed on the basis of innate temperament under the influence of the characteristics of the surrounding social environment throughout life.

Personality typology in psychology, based on character traits, determines types of people based on a set of constant behavior patterns and natural reactions to certain events.

Classification of characters according to Karl Leonhard identifies the following types of personality:

• Demonstrative.
• Pedantic.
• Stuck.
• Excitable.

Kretschmer's theory of determining character types, widespread in wide circles, proposes a division into 3 types of physique, which correspond to 3 types of characters:

• An asthenic is a thin person with long limbs, a narrow chest, and a belly without fat. This type corresponds to the character of schizothym. The behavior of these people is dominated by seriousness and coldness. Communication with others is superficial, without deep inner content. Shikhotims are people with steel energy, stable and unshakable.
• Picnic is a man of average height, with a dense figure, a wide chest and a massive belly. Character - cyclothyme, is determined by increased excitability, sociability, and a high degree of adaptability to the surrounding world.
• An athlete is a person with a stately, proportional physique. Character – iksotim. Such people are calm, restrained, and inclined to adequately assess events. Sometimes change is difficult to cope with.

Types of temperament according to Hippocrates

The oldest and at the same time the most famous classification of personality types was developed more than 2,500 thousand years ago by the ancient Greek philosopher and healer Hippocrates. I think everyone knows about this typology, but I’ll start with it. Firstly, out of respect for the discoverer, and secondly, because many modern classifications are based specifically on types of temperament.

So, according to Hippocrates, all people are divided into 4 types depending on the fluid prevailing in their body:

• Sanguines. For this type of people, the leading role is played by blood (“sangva” in ancient Greek). Therefore, they are very energetic, active, persistent in achieving their goals, irreconcilable and often cruel. Sanguine people are excellent warriors and leaders.
• Cholerics. Their body is dominated by bile (in ancient Greek - “holi”), so they are extremely fickle, fussy, talkative and emotional. They are characterized by frequent mood swings, imbalance and the inability to focus on one thing for a long time.
• Melancholic people. Their predominant black bile (“melena holi”) makes them gloomy, sad people, constantly in a depressed mood. People of this type are touchy, but sensitive and capable of sympathy and empathy.
• Phlegmatic people. Thanks to the mucus (“phlegm”) that dominates their body, they are sedentary, uncommunicative, self-absorbed, often in a thoughtful state and incapable of strong emotions.

It has now been proven that temperaments do not exist in their pure form, although Hippocrates’ observations are generally correct. It’s just that each of us has individual qualities of different types of temperament. As a rule, there are more of some of them, but it happens that individual properties of all temperaments are present almost equally. Therefore, in modern psychology, it is the individual qualities of temperaments that are isolated and studied. For example, the level of emotionality, the level and nature of sociability, stability or, on the contrary, variability of the psyche, etc.

This is interesting: Topics in psychology: let's take a closer look

So what was Hippocrates talking about?

According to the teachings of Hippocrates, temperament is a certain behavior of a person, which is associated with the predominance of a specific fluid in his body. He believed that the presence of mucus (lymph) in large quantities determines the degree of balance of a person, i.e. the more lymph, the calmer the person.

A high concentration of yellow bile makes a person impulsive, black bile - sad and melancholic, and blood - energetic. Based on these data, Hippocrates identified four types of temperament that explain human behavior:

1. Sanguine temperament: One who has this type of temperament is characterized by activity and balance. This is a fascinating personality who willingly takes part in various events. She is characterized by a quick change of emotions, bright facial expressions and pantomime, and expressive laughter. Sanguine people have a high sensitivity threshold, so they do not react to distractions (sound, light). People of this type of temperament are distinguished by their efficiency and energy; they easily adapt to new conditions due to their flexibility and quickly switch attention from one thing to another. They are also distinguished by their speed of reaction, which is expressed in movements, speech, and love vivid impressions. These are typical extroverts. The dominant fluid is blood.
2. Choleric temperament: choleric people are highly reactive, which is why they are often quick-tempered, impulsive, and unrestrained. Unlike sanguine people, such individuals are less flexible, therefore they strive to be stable in everything and have difficulty switching their attention. The dominant fluid is bile.
3. Phlegmatic temperament: people of this type of temperament are active and balanced. There is little that can piss them off and force them to express their feelings. They are unemotional; it will be very difficult to make them laugh or cry. Phlegmatic people's facial expressions and gestures are monotonous and express practically nothing. They have difficulty adapting to new circumstances and shifting their attention. Such people live “within themselves”, it is difficult for them to make acquaintances, they do not like to be the center of attention, phlegmatic people are introverts. The dominant liquid is mucus.
4. Melancholic temperament: melancholic people are characterized by low reactivity and high sensitivity. Such people are easy to offend; they can burst into tears even for a minor reason. They have inexpressive facial expressions, a quiet voice, and slow movements. Melancholic people get tired quickly. Such people are insecure and find it extremely difficult to adapt to a new environment, although in familiar circles they can be very sociable and tactful. As a rule, these are introverts. The dominant liquid is black bile [Yu. Aleksandrovsky, 2021].

Surely, reading the descriptions of each type of temperament, you found something similar to your character. It is almost impossible to meet, for example, a sanguine person or a choleric person in their pure form, because... Each personality is a combination of all four types of temperament.

Moreover, there is always one dominant type, and all the others complement it. If a person has all four types of temperament in approximately equal proportions, such a person is called a tetravert. To most accurately determine the type of temperament, it is enough to take the Hans Eysenck personality questionnaire or the Pavlovian temperament questionnaire (“Strelyau Questionnaire”).

What is a psychotype

Any person represents a unity of the general and the individual. Recognizing the right of everyone to be a bright and unique personality, we must understand that the laws by which the psyche works are common to everyone, which means there are many similarities between people. This allows psychologists to draw general conclusions and develop effective and applicable methods of psychotherapy and correction to all individuals.

But along with general and individual traits, there are also typical ones, that is, they allow people to be united into groups (types) based on some common characteristics. In this case, we will talk about psychological characteristics and, accordingly, psychotypes. A psychotype is a complex of mental characteristics that make up a generalized model of human behavior and his reactions to external stimuli. These patterns are characteristic of many people, which allows them to be grouped together.

Why are such classifications needed? Psychologists need them to use different approaches to working with clients according to their types. However, too general methods and advice are not always effective, and it takes a lot of time to understand the individual “cockroaches” of each person. It’s easier to start from typological features and start analyzing individual problems and choosing work methods from them.

Here's an example. According to the characteristics of contacts with the outside world, all people can be divided into two types: extroverts and introverts:

• Extroverts are open to the world and other people and draw their energy from outside themselves.
• Introverts are closed in their inner world; they have difficulty building relationships with others and focus on their own resources.

It is clear that in order to develop the correct strategy for communication and interaction with a client, a psychologist needs to know what type he is.

It is also useful for ordinary people to know about their own psychotype. Such information allows you to interact with the world more effectively and avoid many mistakes. That is, knowledge of psychotypes is a useful thing, and special tests have been developed to determine them.

True, there is one problem: there are so many different typologies, classifications and their descriptions that it is not easy for even a psychologist to understand them. Therefore, I will introduce you only to the most popular ones.

So why do we need all this?

Today there are so many personality typologies that you involuntarily begin to doubt whether you need to bother yourself with them? The answer is clear – of course you need it! But just don’t score, but at least show interest in them.

First of all, the ability to understand psychotypes is useful for ourselves. If a person understands what type of personality he is, he will know his strengths and weaknesses, which means he will be able to competently manage them. This is a way to discover new opportunities for yourself, because often people tend to follow stereotypes or advice rather than listen to their own nature.

This is the case when a born speaker goes to work as an accountant, because, as his mother said, he will always have some money. As a result, no pleasure from work, no energy and no future prospects.

Cholerics, for example, make good bosses. They can handle any job that requires a lot of energy: journalist, coach, teacher, etc. Sanguine people easily find companionship, they can lead people, and they have good organizational skills. Phlegmatic people are strong in precise disciplines, while melancholic people are hard workers who love to work alone and require attention to detail.

As you can see, knowledge of the fundamental typology of Hippocrates’ personality already gives an understanding of what’s what. Now imagine what will happen if a sanguine person is seated at the mathematician’s table, and even alone?

Almost all HR specialists use various methods for assessing personality typology in their work. This is necessary both in personnel selection and in personnel changes, because an employee’s good results in an ordinary position do not always indicate that he will be an excellent leader; perhaps he lacks a natural manager, so a comprehensive assessment of personnel is important.

Surely, each of us has friends with whom we just can’t find a common language, or even some we consider, as they say, “not of this world.” There may be a conflict and misunderstanding with someone, because often people who are accustomed to being open with others, sociable and energetic perceive the slowness or isolation of their interlocutor, friend or colleague, as a kind of challenge, a negative personal attitude, which, naturally, is a mistake .

It is important to understand that there are no bad personality types, there are people with their own characteristics of character and behavior that are inherent to them by nature. It is the ability to assess a psychotype that helps to find a common language with others, prevent and resolve conflicts, and even agree on something.

And it is also important to understand that there are personality types that, in tandem, provide maximum or minimum productivity. If we look at the example of the DISC model, “red” interact best with “yellow”, but it is better not to pair them with “blue”, because These are two diametrically opposed personalities.

If you correctly consider the information about what type of personality your interlocutor (relative, colleague) belongs to, you can easily find the necessary levers to achieve maximum efficiency in communication. For example, with “yellows” you need to be positive in your communication, more often interested in their opinions, and to argue your point of view, refer to the views of authoritative individuals. You shouldn’t talk only about business with the “greens”. Informal communication is best suited to resolve various issues [O. Knysh, 2019].

Moreover, according to some psychologists, each personality type has its own illnesses. More precisely, if some character trait of a person is exaggerated or, conversely, strengthened, then mental abnormalities may appear. This relationship is clearly shown by the “7 radicals” personality assessment method, where all the names of radicals are derived from the names of diseases: schizoid, epileptoid, hysterical, hyperthymic, paranoid, emotive, anxious [V. Ponomarenko, 2006].

We are all individual and have our own set of personal qualities and character traits, which means that each person needs different approaches to communication, and if we are talking about children, then based on the child’s personality type, it is possible and necessary to build an individual education system.

If you find it difficult to determine on your own which personality type is dominant and which are auxiliary, and also cannot sensibly assess your strengths and weaknesses, we advise you to follow this useful link and discover the wonderful world of self-knowledge.

Typology of psychotypes according to A.E. Lichko

Soviet psychiatrist A.E. Lichko, based on extensive research, identified the following personality types in psychology:

• Schizoid;
• Hyperthymic;
• Hysterical;
• Cycloid;
• Psychasthenic;
• Epileptoid;
• Sensitive;
• Conformal;
• Emotionally labile;
• Asthenoneurotic;
• Paranoid;
• Unstable;

Let us briefly describe personality psychotypes, external signs and behavioral characteristics.

1. The schizoid personality type gives a person duality. They tend to be withdrawn, experience difficulties in interpersonal communication, and are emotionally cold. They have an extravagant imagination. Alcohol is often used as a communication drug.

2. The hyperthymic type is characterized by mobility, restlessness, sociability, noisiness, high spirits, lack of perseverance, and mischief. The importance of their own personality is greatly overestimated, they are drawn to companies, sometimes asocial.

3. Hysterical types aspire to leadership positions

They differ in that they want to attract attention to themselves at any cost (egocentrism). They love praise very much

People of this type are prone to pretense, unnaturalness and posing. Feelings are superficial, willpower is weak and, as a rule, low authority.

4. Individuals with a cycloid psychotype are prone to mood swings. Activity and playfulness on the rise with a tendency to binge drinking can give way to a decline in mood up to subdepression. Such periods are characterized by weakness, lethargy, boredom, and a desire to be alone.

5. Psychasthenics are prone to “self-flagellation” and “self-criticism.” They are indecisive, suspicious, timid, experience obsessive fears, and are angular in their movements.

6. Representatives of the epileptoid type are characterized by the following traits: increased jealousy, angry malice, cruelty, and imperiousness. In a state of alcoholic intoxication, they are capable of aggression, often fall into unconsciousness, and exhibit sadomasochistic tendencies. At the same time, they have accuracy, pedantry and frugality.

7. Personalities of the synthetic type are very worried about their inferiority, are impressionable, and are prone to intellectual and aesthetic hobbies.

8. Conformists, like chameleons, easily adapt to environmental conditions. At the same time, they are weak-willed. In a good team, they make excellent performers. At the same time, they can drink themselves to death “for company” and cannot refuse. The self dissolves in the environment.

9. The emotionally labile type is characterized by extreme changes in mood even for insignificant reasons. Increased attachment to loved ones and relatives, very susceptible to signs of attention.

10. Asthenoneurotics are very capricious and irritable. As a rule, they sleep poorly, suffer from hypochondria and poor appetite.

11. The paranoid type is very distrustful, suspicious, and always on edge.

12. Individuals with an unstable psychotype are characterized by the following manifestations: lack of initiative, easy subordination. They often fall into bad company and are prone to gambling, idleness, pleasure and antisocial behavior.

Basic psychotypes of men and women

Depending on the gender of the individual, the same events may be perceived differently.

Women are more attentive to details, but at the same time they often do not see the whole picture. Men are characterized by a global scale of perception of the world. They are not interested in all sorts of little things that make ladies indescribably delighted.

Female psychotypes have their own specifics and can be divided into the following groups:

• Mother. Always preoccupied with caring for someone. Takes care of everyone, a pronounced leader in the family;
• Active woman. Lives for herself, is self-sufficient, requires care and attention for her person;
• The woman is an altruist. Devoted to her beloved man, ready to give everything for his good;
• Daughter. Selfish, needs constant care and attention.

Male psychotypes can be divided into the following groups:

• Caring father. Constantly controls the situation, is demanding of others, and does not accept compromises. Does not admit mistakes;
• Active man. In the foreground is the benefit in everything. May take risks. Your desires are above all;
• The man is altruistic. Surrounds the family with care, is a good owner;
• Son. Egoist. Lives one day at a time, has tendencies towards extravagance. Increased self-esteem.

Jung's personality typology

Jung, following the philosopher Kant, builds his typology in order to reveal the means to personal development. He deals with his patients, for whom typology can help overcome psychological difficulties, but Jung classifies both himself and healthy people as typable. Jung does not hide his analysis, unlike the diagnostic map of accentuations according to Gannushkin and Lichko, from his patients.

Jung, looking through the history of art, music, poetry, philosophy, notices that people are usually identified in pairs, for example, rational and emotional. In this pairing he sees an important meaning, and makes his main discovery - just like natural counter-directional forces, for example, stretching, compression, exhalation, inhalation, two opposite directions can be distinguished in the psyche, settings for extraversion and introversion.

Both directions are present in the psyche of each subject, but one of them always prevails. Jung explains this through the psychoanalytic construct in which one attitude is present in consciousness, and its opposite is present in the unconscious. Jung's idea here, however, is to balance yourself.

Further, Jung identifies another dichotomy, thinking and emotions opposed to each other, then talks about the dominant mental function. He finds another pair of characteristics, sensory-intuition. He considers all these functions to be unbalancedly present in the structure of the psyche; one of them always dominates.

Sensory is a sensation, our perception of how the action of our action occurs. Emotion is associated with the acceptance of a perceived event on an emotional level. Thinking allows you to comprehend the situation. Intuition, which according to Jung denotes the ability to anticipate the consequences of an action, its future results, is associated with the ability to imagine.

Jung could be followed by another author, Lazursky, who, along with the identification of types, considers the levels of development. This attempt is present, although it is far from indisputable.

• 1. Personality as a subject of social relations. Personality structure
• 2. Personality typology
• 3. Social statuses and roles. The role of the status-role structure of society
• 4. Socialization of the individual. Mechanisms and agents of socialization

LECTURE No. 5. Sociology of personality

1. Personality as a subject of social relations. Personality structure

One of the central areas of sociology is the study of personality.

This is due to a number of factors:

1) the individual is one of the main subjects of social relations;

2) the functioning of society is impossible without taking into account the needs and interests of the individual;

3) personality is an indicator of social development.

However, before we begin to consider personality, it is necessary to analyze such terms close to this concept as “person”, “individual”, “individuality”.

Human

- this is the highest level of living organisms on Earth, a subject of socio-economic activity and culture.

Individual

– an individual person as a representative of a family.

Individuality

- specific natural and social qualities that have developed in a person on the basis of inherited biological prerequisites, his social status and upbringing.

In the process of development of sociological knowledge, various approaches to the consideration and analysis of personality have been formed. Among them there are six main approaches

.

1. Dialectical-materialistic approach, according to which a person is initially a social being, and his formation as an individual occurs under the influence of four factors: the biology of the individual, his social environment, education and self-education skills.

2. An anthropological approach, in which a person is considered as a bearer of universal human properties, as a generic concept designating a representative of the human race, thus coinciding with the concepts of man and individual.

3. A normative approach, within which a person is defined as a social being with a number of positive qualities related to consciousness and activity.

4. Sociological approach, the essence of which is to understand each person as an individual, which is considered as a specific expression of the essence of the individual, a holistic embodiment and implementation in him of a system of socially significant features and qualities of a given society.

5. Personalistic approach, in which personality is a set of mental reactions of a person to the opinions of others about him, and the main mechanism of its formation is “I - perception”.

6. The biological-genetic approach assumes that human behavior is determined by his bioprogram.

Analyzing all of these approaches, we can give a systematic definition of personality, which should be based on the following principles:

1) the personality acts as both a subject and an object of both social and biological relations;

2) a person has a certain freedom to choose his behavior, which is determined by the discrepancy between social and biological conditions;

3) personality, being a biosocial phenomenon, combines both the traits of a person’s biological species and the social community in which it exists;

4) the behavior of an individual depends on his unique personal characteristics, through which social and personal life experience is refracted.

Taking into account all these principles, personality can be defined as an integral concept that characterizes a person as an object and subject of biosocial relations and unites in him what is universal, socially specific and individually unique.

The study and analysis of personality as a complex social phenomenon involves identifying its structure.

Based on the indicated characteristics of personality as a phenomenon, the following elements of its structure can be distinguished: biological, psychological and social.

Biological level

includes natural, common personality qualities (body structure, gender and age characteristics, temperament, etc.).

Psychological level

personality is united by its psychological characteristics (feelings, will, memory, thinking). Psychological characteristics are closely related to the heredity of the individual.

Finally, the social level of the individual is divided into three sublevels

:

1) proper sociological (motives of behavior, interests of the individual, life experience, goals), this sublevel is closely related to social consciousness, which is objective in relation to each person, acting as part of the social environment, as material for individual consciousness;

2) specific cultural (value and other attitudes, norms of behavior);

3) moral (morality, ethics).

When studying personality as a subject of social relations, sociologists pay special attention to the internal determinants of its social behavior.

Such determinants include, first of all, needs and interests.

Needs

– these are those forms of interaction with the world (material and spiritual), the need for which is determined by the characteristics of the reproduction and development of its biological, psychological, social certainty and which are realized and felt by a person in some form.

Interests

- These are the conscious needs of the individual. The needs and interests of an individual underlie his value attitude towards the world around him, the basis of his system of values ​​and value orientations.

2. Personality typology

An important component of the sociological doctrine of personality is its typology.

Social personality type

- this is a way for a person to carry out various types of activities, a certain set of personality properties that expresses the individual’s belonging to a social group.

The concept of “social personality type” captures the reflection of a set of recurring social qualities of individuals belonging to any social community. As already indicated, personality is a complex multi-level phenomenon, which leads to the existence of various variations. Sociology has accumulated significant material on this problem. Let us dwell on the most developed and existing classifications.

The first attempt to create a personality classification system was made by E. Spranger

in 1914. The researcher developed
six “ideal types” of personality
based on their motivational orientation.

1) theoretical type – focus on obtaining new knowledge;

2) economic type - the basis of behavior is a pragmatic orientation;

3) social – desire for communication, focus on the social environment;

4) aesthetic – a tendency to impressions, experiences and self-expression;

5) political – the desire for dominance and distribution of social roles, as well as a tendency to submit;

6) religious – orientation towards the search for the highest meaning of life, communication with God.

At the same time, E. Spranger points out that all these types do not occur in their pure form, and in addition, there are many variations in the manifestation of the same type.

Another common classification in sociology is the division of personalities into basic and ideal. The basic personality is the personality most characteristic of certain social conditions.

Ideal type

- This is the person who best meets certain social conditions.

Thus, it is easy to see that in this case the basis of classification is the relationship between the individual and existing social conditions.

The difference between these personality structures is significant. The ideal, in principle, will never receive its final realization, but at any given moment it receives its embodiment in the basic type of personality.

However, it is easy to see that both of these types can also be divided into many subtypes, which may be based on other criteria.

Another classification is the typological system of E. Frome. The basis of his classification is the orientation of the individual in relations with society.

Thus, the basis of an unproductive personality is an unproductive orientation, that is, an inability to express oneself.

The basis of a productive personality is a productive orientation - the ability to change one’s environment and to express oneself.

However, the researcher himself notes that individuals with one type of orientation do not exist.

Typically, each personality combines both productive and unproductive orientations. The only question is which one dominates.

American sociologist D. Risman

proposed a division of all personality types, based on their orientation, into internal, external and “differently oriented.”

An internally oriented person has the ability to maintain a balance between the needs to achieve his life interests and the environment.

An externally oriented person is deprived of such an opportunity.

A “differently oriented” personality is able to respond to changes in the surrounding society.

Among the developments of domestic scientists in this area, one can note the identification of a new type of personality that emerged in the 30s. XX century under the influence of the socialist form of organization of public life.

This type is called the command-administrative personality type.

. This type of personality is characterized by such qualities as conformism, lack of autonomy, fear of conflicts, lack of focus on work results, lack of initiative, unwillingness to take risks, distrust of new things, hostility to change, intolerance to various deviations.

In modern conditions, under the influence of market reforms and democratic values, a new democratic type of personality is being formed in Russia.

3. Social statuses and roles. The role of the status-role structure of society

One of the most widespread theories of personality in modern sociology is the status-role concept.

Within the framework of this concept, a person is considered as an active subject who occupies a certain place in society and performs a set of functions in accordance with it.

The status-role concept was developed in the works of American sociologists J. Mead

and
R. Minton
.

The theoretical material of this theory was significantly enriched by the works of T. Parsons

.

The role theory of personality describes its social behavior with two main concepts: “social status” and “social role.”

So, according to this concept, each person occupies a certain place in society.

This place is determined by a number of social positions that imply the presence of certain rights and responsibilities.

It is these positions that are the social statuses of a person.

Thus, it is not difficult to see that each person has several social statuses at the same time.

However, one of the statuses is always the main or basic one. As a rule, the basic status expresses the position of a person.

Social status

– an integral indicator of the social status of an individual, social group, covering profession, qualifications, position, nature of the work performed, financial situation, political affiliation, business connections, age, marital status, etc.

In sociology, there is a classification of social statuses into prescribed and acquired.

Prescribed status

- this is a person’s position in society, occupied by him regardless of personal merit, but imposed by the social environment.

Most often, ascribed status reflects a person's innate qualities (race, gender, nationality, age).

Acquired status

- This is a position in society achieved by the person himself.

However, a person can also have a mixed status, which combines both types.

A striking example of mixed status is marriage.

In addition to these types, natural and professional-official statuses are also distinguished.

Natural status of personality

– a person’s place in the system of social relations, determined by the essential and relatively stable characteristics of a person.

Professional and official status

is a social indicator that records the social, economic and production position of a person in society. Thus, social status denotes the specific place that an individual occupies in a given social system.

The concept of “social role” is closely related to the concept of “social status”.

Social role

- this is a set of actions that a person occupying a given status in the social system must perform.

Moreover, each status involves performing not one, but several roles. A set of roles, the fulfillment of which is prescribed by one status, is called a role set. Obviously, the higher a person’s position in society, that is, the greater his social status, the more roles he performs.

Thus, the difference in the role set of the President of the state and the worker of a metal rolling plant is quite obvious. The systematization of social roles was first developed by Parsons, who identified five grounds on which a particular role can be classified:

1) emotionality

, that is, some roles involve a wide manifestation of emotionality, others, on the contrary, require its containment;

2) method of obtaining

– depending on the type of status, they can be prescribed or achieved by the person independently;

3) scale

– the scope of authority of one role is clearly established, while that of others is uncertain;

4) regulation

– some roles are strictly regulated, such as the role of a civil servant, some are blurred (the role of a man);

5) motivation

– performing a role for one’s own benefit or for the public good.

The implementation of a social role can also be viewed from several angles.

On the one hand, this is a role expectation, which is characterized by a certain behavior of a person depending on his status, which is expected by surrounding members of society.

On the other hand, this is role performance, which is characterized by a person’s real behavior, which he considers to be correlated with his status.

It should be noted that these two role aspects do not always coincide. Moreover, each of them plays a huge role in determining a person’s behavior, since social expectations have a strong impact on a person.

The normal structure of a social role usually has four elements:

1) description of the type of behavior corresponding to this role;

2) instructions (requirements) associated with this behavior;

3) assessment of the performance of the prescribed role;

4) sanctions - the social consequences of a particular action within the framework of the requirements of the social system. Social sanctions can be moral in nature, implemented directly by a social group through its behavior (contempt), or legal, political, or environmental.

It should be noted that any role is not a pure model of behavior. The main link between role expectations and role behavior is the character of the individual. That is, the behavior of a particular person does not fit into a pure scheme.

4. Socialization of the individual. Mechanisms and agents of socialization

As already indicated, personality is a biosocial phenomenon. And if biological characteristics are inherited, then social qualities are acquired by an individual in the process of socialization.

Socialization

can be defined as the process of an individual’s assimilation of patterns of behavior, social norms and values ​​necessary for his successful functioning in a given society.

Thus, in the process of socialization, a person acquires the qualities necessary to fulfill social roles.

The process of socialization is two-way: on the one hand, it is society transferring its experience to the individual, and on the other hand, it is the process of assimilating social experience by the individual.

In sociological science, it is customary to distinguish two main types of socialization:

1) primary – the child’s assimilation of norms and values;

2) secondary – the assimilation of new norms and values ​​by an adult.

Socialization is a set of agents and institutions that form, guide, stimulate or limit the formation of a person’s personality.

Agents of Socialization

are specific people responsible for teaching cultural norms and social values. Socialization institutions are institutions that influence the process of socialization and guide it.

Depending on the type of socialization, primary and secondary agents and institutions of socialization are considered.

Agents of primary socialization

– parents, brothers, sisters, grandparents, other relatives, friends, teachers, leaders of youth groups. The term “primary” refers to everything that constitutes a person’s immediate and immediate environment.

Agents of secondary socialization

– representatives of the administration of a school, university, enterprise, army, police, church, media employees. The term “secondary” describes those who stand in the second echelon of influence, having a less important impact on a person.

Primary institutions of socialization

- this is a family, school, peer group, etc.
Secondary institutions
are the state, its bodies, universities, church, media, etc.

The socialization process consists of several stages and stages.

1. Stage of adaptation (birth - adolescence). At this stage, uncritical assimilation of social experience occurs; the main mechanism of socialization is imitation.

2. The emergence of a desire to distinguish oneself from others - the identification stage.

3. The stage of integration, which can proceed either successfully or unfavorably.

4. Labor stage. At this stage, social experience is reproduced and the environment is affected.

5. Post-labor stage (old age). This stage is characterized by the transfer of social experience to new generations.

At each stage of socialization, a person is influenced by certain factors, the ratio of which is different at different stages.

In general, five factors can be identified that influence the socialization process:

1) biological heredity;

2) physical environment;

3) culture;

4) group experience;

5) individual experience.

Each person's biological heritage provides the "raw materials" that are then transformed into personality characteristics in a variety of ways. It is thanks to the biological factor that there is a huge diversity of individuals.

The physical environment plays an important role in the formation of personality, since climate, natural resources and other natural indicators are of great importance.

The culture of each society also has a huge influence on the socialization process.

Every society develops one or more personality types that correspond to its culture.

Duboys called a personality, which has characteristics characteristic of a given society, modal. Modal personality is understood as the most common type of personality, which has some features inherent in the culture of society as a whole.

Group and personal experiences are also included in the socialization process.

Each person, according to C. Cooley, builds his “I” on the basis of the reactions he perceives of other people with whom he comes into contact.

Cooley identifies three stages in the formation of the mirror self: our perception of how we look at others; our perception of their opinion; our feelings about this opinion. Each personal experience is unique because it cannot be repeated exactly.

The picture of individual experience is complicated by the fact that the personality does not simply summarize it, but integrates it.

Thus, we can say that the process of socialization is influenced by two of the most important environments around a person: natural and social.

Due to the fact that the social environment is an objective condition of socialization, its constituent elements also have a certain influence on this process. Such elements of society are called agents of socialization; as already mentioned, agents of socialization are people and institutions associated with it and responsible for its results.

The main agents of socialization are the family, various types of communities (collectives, ethnic groups, nationalities, classes, social strata), society as a whole - everything that includes and surrounds a person.

Each sphere of social life (material and spiritual) participates in the process of socialization - targeted and undirected education.

So, the most intensive process of socialization occurs in childhood and adolescence.

By the time a person reaches his professional and official status, the socialization process, as a rule, reaches a certain completion.

The socialization of adults is different in that it is mainly a change in external behavior (the socialization of children is the formation of value orientations); adults are able to evaluate norms (and children only assimilate them). Adult socialization aims to help a person master certain skills. For example, mastering a new social role after retirement, changing profession or social status.

Another point of view on the socialization of adults is that adults gradually abandon naive children's ideas (for example, about the unshakability of authorities, about absolute justice, etc.), from the idea that there is only white and black.

An important process of socialization is the process of identification.

Identification

- this is the process of assimilation by an individual of the norms, values ​​and qualities of the social group to which he belongs or would like to belong.

Table of contents

Jung's typology

The basis for dividing people into psychological types is the tendency to predominantly direct vital energy (libido) outward to the situation or partners (extroversion) or to refrain from spending energy and influencing oneself from the outside (introversion). Hence the openness and sociability of pronounced extroverted types and the isolation and tendency to solitude of introverted psychotypes.

Both types of behavior are biologically based. In the animal world there are also two ways of adapting to the environment. The first, “extroverted” - the desire for unlimited reproduction in combination with the weak functioning of defense mechanisms (as in rats, rabbits, lice). The second, “introverted” - a small number of offspring with strong protective mechanisms (in most large mammals). Like animals, what an extrovert achieves through mass contacts with the outside world, an introvert achieves through a maximally independent position.

Carl Jung first introduced the concepts of extraversion and introversion as the main types of ego orientation. And later he supplemented his psychological typology with a description of four basic mental functions:

• thinking (logic);
• feeling (aesthetic judgments and ethical values);
• sensation (perception through the senses);
• intuition (unconscious perception).

Each of the basic psychological functions can be directed both outward and inward - the extraversion-introversion criterion. According to which of the functions is more developed (leading), the individual can be classified as a thinking, feeling, sensing or intuitive extrovert/introvert. The opposite of the predominant function is repressed into the unconscious and gives rise to interesting effects. For example, the thinking type does not like excessive displays of emotions, shouting, or pathos. But the “thinker” will receive the greatest pleasure from communicating with the emotional feeling type.

Myers-Briggs typology

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is based on Jung's typology. Both of its creators did not have a psychological education, but after reading Jung’s “Psychological Types” they began to actively type in practice, conducting observations of people’s behavior and his research. Living during wartime, they had the opportunity to observe large masses of people in unusual situations, and based on this material they described the differences between types in more detail.

Further, MBTI was effectively developed as a system that allows you to form work teams, select personnel, and predict the behavior of employees in a company. Specialists using MBTI aim to build proper management in connection with the personality types of both the manager and subordinates. MBTI allows you to separate not only the strengths, but also the weaknesses of the subject and, concentrating on the strong characteristics, place the employee in the most suitable position for him in the organization.

According to the MBTI, a person's type comes in four formats. The first is the source of energy from where a person draws energy. An extrovert receives energy from the outside, he needs to constantly act and communicate, this is his way of survival and comfort zone. It is in the process of interaction with the external world that he receives the impetus for development and the material for it. An introvert, on the contrary, draws energy from within himself and therefore loves solitude.

The next one is the center of attention, a way of obtaining information about the world around us. Here we are dealing with sensory as a reliance on the senses, intuition as a supraconscious process of analysis, forecasting and anticipation of events. The sensory type is based on the present and past experience, while the intuitive is able to see figuratively, the whole picture, as if from above.

Next comes the decision-making center using the thinking or feeling mode. The thinking type reasons based on right and wrong, while the feeling type reasons based on personal values.

And the last pair of characteristics, judgment and perception, are related to the individual's lifestyle. People of judgment live in an orderly, predictable world, while people of perception live in a deep, elemental world with open options for all kinds of choices, which is why they do not make decisions until the last moment.

The reason for dividing people into types

In psychology, it is customary to distinguish types of people, dividing them into groups, depending on behavioral reactions, emotional manifestations, tendency to excitability and intellectual abilities. There are many online tests that allow you to assess temperament or character, helping to determine how a person will behave in a non-standard critical situation.

Note! Survey data is used when hiring to understand whether the applicant is suitable for the chosen position. It is useful to notice a person who is called a “narcissist”

It’s hard to work with him, because he doesn’t see anyone around him and doesn’t respect other people’s opinions.

Some rely on test data to find their soulmate. Theories have been developed about the compatibility of people with similar or different character traits and social attitudes.

To select employees, it is important to evaluate the relationship between initiative and responsibility and to evaluate people’s activity. Based on this feature, Ksenia Aleksandrovna Slavskaya, a psychologist and philosopher, created a classification of personality types, where, for example, the harmonious type included people who proposed an action plan and were responsible for its implementation

Contemplative - they put forward an idea, but could not cope with it on their own. Personality typology is used by pedagogy in order to eliminate conflicts and normalize the atmosphere in the team.

Children's group

Additional Information

There is a direction in psychology that studies corrupt behavior, this is important when interrogating suspects. A brief description of such personality types - the use of psychological defense methods, speed in decision making, a sense of impunity

Classifications

So, let's move directly to the classifications. Let's look at what personality types there are.

Myers-Briggs typology

This classification was developed in the middle of the last century by the American psychologist Isabel Briggs-Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs. It is based on Jung's theory of mental functions. Jung identified 4 scales for personality research:

• orientation of consciousness (introversion - extraversion);
• orientation in the situation (common sense - intuition);
• basis for decision making (logic - ethics);
• lifestyle (decision – perception).

Various combinations of these four indicators add up to 16 personality types:

1. Realist, administrator, leader. Rational, practical, business person. Prefers to plan his activities and does not like surprises. An extrovert, loves noisy companies. Sometimes he is too harsh and hot-tempered.
2. K commander, entrepreneur. Representatives of this type are characterized by sociability, openness to everything new, and courage. They easily take risks, trusting their intuition. They become excellent leaders.
3. O organizer, inspector. Strict, responsible, pedantic. He looks at things realistically and adequately assesses his capabilities, so he only takes on what he can do. Subjects critical analysis to any incoming information and does not take anything for granted. Introvert, prefers to spend time alone.
4. Exhorter, mentor. An extremely emotional, expressive and sensitive person. Well-developed intuition allows him to predict events and prepare for them in advance. Has good empathy and easily recognizes lies.
5. Teacher, educator, enthusiast. Able to influence people through emotions. Easily establishes contacts, has the gift of persuasion, shows care and concern for people.
6. Analyst, visionary, inspirer. He has a rich inner world, developed intuition, and creative thinking. Obsessed with the idea of ​​making the world a better place. Does not like noisy companies, has some difficulties in communication.
7. Inspirer , consultant, advisor, humanist. He is characterized by sensitivity, vulnerability, and emotionality. He has good empathy and is able to grasp the subtlest nuances in relationships between people. He chooses to serve people as his mission and copes with it successfully.
8. Performer, guardian, protector. Accurate, efficient, responsible, caring. Divides people into “us” and “strangers,” and keeps a distance from strangers. Knows how to stand up for himself and plans his activities in advance.
9. And an inventor, a seeker, a dreamer. Flexible, energetic, active type. Easily adapts to any conditions, cannot stand stability and routine, and is constantly in search of new ideas and impressions.
10. Fidget, marshal, realist. A representative of this type is distinguished by purposefulness, authority, and high efficiency. He goes straight to the goal, any obstacles only spur him on.
11. Mediator, champion. Open, sensitive and creative personality. Loves communication, cannot stand monotony and routine. Actively interacts with the world around him and sees favorable opportunities for himself in everything.
12. Animator, politician, activist. Lives for today, without looking far into the future. He leaves many things unfinished. He likes to show off people's eyes and seem better than he really is. He sees people's weak points well and uses them for manipulation.
13. Architect, critic, analyst. Thoughtful, calm, balanced type. When making decisions, he is guided by intuition, but seeks to rationalize all information received with the help of his sixth sense. Indecisive, prone to constant philosophical reflection.
14. Master, craftsman. He has a technical mindset, loves to work with his hands, and relies on his own sensations to perceive the world around him. Carefully analyzes the situation before making a decision. Shows empathy and sincere love for people.
15. Contemplator, lyricist, healer. Dreamy, sensitive, romantic personality. Believes in the limitlessness of human possibilities. Constantly strives for self-knowledge, self-development and self-realization.
16. Inventor, composer. He sincerely enjoys life in all its manifestations, does not seek to remake the world, but is content with the role of a modest observer. Gentle, caring, tactful, reserved, non-conflict type.

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The classification is widely used in the United States for hiring and career guidance for schoolchildren.

Personality types in conflict situations

Conflicts are an integral part of life. It is often impossible to do without them, and avoidance will only aggravate the tension and push the goal away. What are the types of personality, depending on behavior in conflict:

Demonstrative. He strives to be the center of attention, so he creates conflicts to make others remember him. It is better not to leave such people aside, but to give them compliments and praise. This will calm them down, the desire to conflict will decrease; Rigid. Conflicts arise due to a person’s touchiness. He constantly feels like he is underestimated or offended. He tends to take things personally and does not tolerate defeat

It is important for him that his truth be recognized; he himself will never refuse it. It’s better not to provoke such a person; it’s easier to smooth out the unpleasant situation and apologize

A constructive dialogue with him is unlikely to happen; The uncontrollable type relies on emotions. It flares up easily and cools quickly when it releases steam. Then he becomes accommodating and is ready to make concessions. He shouts loudly, explaining his position, and can show aggression; The ultra-precise type constantly worries about his own safety. He is too suspicious and anxious. Demands performance at a high level from those around him. Treats himself with even greater pickiness. He's easy to hit. He experiences resentment in private, avoiding public conflicts; The conflict-free type is the most unpleasant type. He dislikes arguments so much that he avoids them in every possible way. Agrees and follows the lead, a person changes his point of view and tactics of behavior. He depends on the personality forcing him to accept a different opinion. This is an unreliable, unprincipled person for whom it is important to avoid quarrels; The conflict type will resolve any controversial situation, turning it in their favor. He even creates it on purpose, because he is confident in himself and has sufficient arguments to win, no matter how many opponents he has.

Conflict situation

Understanding personality structure in various psychological theories

There are a number of psychological theories that describe the structure of personality. Russian and Soviet psychological schools are represented in the works of I.P. Pavlova, A.N. Leontyeva, B.G. Ananyeva, K.K. Platonova and others.

In Soviet psychology there is a tradition of distinguishing between an individual and a personality. Two Soviet psychologists did the most towards this distinction: B.G. Ananyev and A.N. Leontyev. With some differences in understanding of personality, and with some general differences or approaches, these authors defined the essence and characteristics of personality and drew the line of distinction (“line of demarcation”) at the same place. Man, in their opinion, is a natural, biological being, possessing both innate and life-formed characteristics. Personality is a socially constructed trait.

According to A.N. Leontiev, a person as a natural being is an individual with one or another physical constitution, type of nervous activity, temperament and dynamic forces of biological needs.

Characterizing a person as a person, B.G. Ananyev wrote that there is reason to distinguish two main classes of individual characteristics:

• Age-gender;
• Individually typical.

The first class includes:

• Age-typical characteristics that unfold during the formation of an individual (stages of ontogenetic development), and sexual dimorphism, the intensity of which corresponds to the ontogenetic stages;
• Constitutional characteristics (physical and biochemical individuality), neurodynamic properties of the brain and features of the functional geometry of the cerebral hemispheres (symmetry-asymmetry, function of paired receptors and effectors).

Defining the above characteristics as primary, and psychophysical functions and organic needs as secondary, these authors note that in temperament and predisposition there is a higher integration of all these characteristics. Defining the difference between a personality and an individual, A.N. Leontyev wrote that personality, like the individual, is a product of the integration of processes that carry out the relations of the subject. As the main difference of personality, he called the social relations specific to the individual into which he enters in his objective activity.

For B.G. Ananyev, the starting point of the structural-dynamic properties of a personality is its position in society, where this personality is formed and formed.

A.N. Leontiev believes that personality is a relatively late product of human socio-historical and ontogenetic development.

Personality as a general scientific and secular concept means:

• Human personality as a subject of relationships and conscious activity;
• A stable system of socially significant traits that characterize a person as a member of a particular society or community.

In psychology, personality is understood as a core, an integrating element that connects the various mental processes of an individual and gives his behavior the necessary consistency and stability. Depending on what exactly is seen at such a beginning, theories of personality are divided into psychobiological (W. Sheldon), biosocial (F. Allport, K. Rogers), psychosocial (K. Adler, K. Horney and other neo-Freudians), psychostatic ( “factorial”) - (R. Cattell, D. Eysenck and others).

Based on these theories, a personality typology is carried out. A distinction is made between specific historical personality types, ideal types corresponding to certain theoretical concepts, and empirical groupings of interviewed individuals. In sociology, the identification and existence of various social personality types is associated with the characteristics and properties of socio-economic formations (class, social group personality types). The category “socio-historical personality type” is used to designate certain sets of personality traits determined by a particular historical era and the social structure of society.

In Western psychology, there are widespread typologies that mainly take into account personality traits (traits and characteristics of individuals due to their initial innate orientations).

Personality archetypes

One of the methods for assessing mental qualities was the definition of an archetype.

An archetype is the basis that determines a person’s feelings, thoughts, behavior and needs. Based on this knowledge, the psychotherapist helps to get rid of unwanted complexes and change the course of his life. Jung's archetypes are part of the universal unconscious, a genetic memory given to a person from birth that shapes his worldview.

6.1

6 Archetypes of Carl Jung

Self is the harmonious interaction of the conscious and unconscious in a person as a source of creative energy. The balance of opposing elements of the psyche is normalized. Jung formulated the prototype of the self as a basic, all-encompassing quality, a sign of balance and coexistence of opposites. Many people have not developed this quality and are unaware of its existence.

The person prefers to wear a mask and meet the expectations of the environment. Representative of the collective psyche. The chosen role helps to communicate with society, determines the choice of profession, attitude towards people, tastes. May suppress individuality.

Shadow. A manifestation of the unconscious, which is repressed due to social rejection. Thoughts, memories, feelings that are not recognized by a person. According to Jung's theory, the ego's task is to realize the potential of the Shadow for personality development.

Animus. The masculine component of feminine nature, the ability to express personal opinion and defend it. A positive animus means insight, wise, balanced actions. Negativity encourages recklessness. The animus strives to influence the world around it and is expressed in categorical and firm judgments.

Anima. Manifestation of the feminine principle in a man: sensual impulses, emotionality, frivolity, love at first sight, romance. Femininity is directed inside a person, towards awareness of feelings and self-awareness. Men under the influence of the animus are emotionally unstable, irritable, and impulsive.

The description of psychotypes makes it possible to determine the strengths and weaknesses of a person’s character, to avoid conflict situations and misunderstandings. This is an opportunity to understand the environment and the motives of their behavior in order to coexist harmoniously in the family and society.

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Summarize

Each personality combines unique patterns of behavior, ways of perceiving the world, and a certain reaction to events. Among us there are no “pure” representatives of a certain typology; we combine various character traits that were given to us from birth or acquired in the process of life.

It’s amazing how carefully the ancient knowledge about human personality types is passed on from generation to generation to this day, despite constant changes in the outside world. They help us understand ourselves, our strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and prospects, and a detailed study of a specific personality type helps us understand the intricacies of communication, methods of persuasion, and even methods of resolving conflicts.

Knowledge of personality typologies and the ability to correctly evaluate people radically change the picture of the world: now what previously seemed strange is perceived as nothing more than a property of a certain human psychotype. Today you don’t need to be a born psychologist and know all the characteristics of personality typologies by heart; just take several online tests to determine your psychotype, and you will receive a detailed description of your “I” and recommendations.

We wish you good luck and suggest answering the question on the topic of the article:

Mixed classifications

Modern system classifications are associated with the names of K. Jung, G. Eysenck, L. N. Sobchik, L. Ya. Dorfman and others. The authors of modern system concepts try to summarize as much as possible the results of empirical studies of individual human characteristics within the framework of a single typological model. Such a model, as a rule, is the center of a structure that combines general, typological and individual psychological characteristics of a person.

Examples

Such system classifications can be: “The Theory of Leading Tendencies” by L. N. Sobchik, “The Concept of the Meta-Individual World” by L. Ya. Dorfman.

Modern problems of psychological classifications

Problems of psychological classifications are associated with the high complexity and ambiguity of mental reality. It is much easier to classify the material world.

In psychology we are faced with the fact that with the help of consciousness we can study consciousness. Here new opportunities open up, but also new limitations associated, in particular, with subjectivity and its overcoming. As is known, in the human psyche there are conscious and unconscious components of cognition. They often work independently, as two different assessors of the situation. Therefore, assessments using projective tests (which are aimed at exploring the unconscious) often conflict with self-assessments using questionnaires (which appeal to consciousness or conscious behavior).

To assess a psychological type, it is important that the measuring instrument (test, technique) be “calibrated” not for the present and relevant, but for the typical, more likely to be repeated throughout life. That’s why methods that allow typologists to see the present through the prism of an individual’s entire life journey are so important: biographical, structured conversation, longitudinal observation in a natural situation

Such methods are well developed in clinical research. When working with healthy people, they are rather the exception.

Example:

Personality research program of Lazursky A.F.

The issue of training a qualified specialist in the field of research and diagnosis of types is an independent problem. You need a whole range of knowledge and skills.

of the diagnostician is important for measuring psychological type.

to see not individual fragments of mental reality, but to operate with systems (cognitive, value-motivational, emotional, volitional) and take into account their holistic nature, knowledge of stable variants of these systems, and the ability to compare them. Comparing and evaluating these systems is complicated by the lack of a well-developed methodological framework: there is no consensus on what to compare and how to evaluate.

To the researcher

it is necessary to be able to work with both qualitative and quantitative methods of studying empirical reality, taking into account the following factors:

1. The scale and complexity of the study (the ability to draw and take into account several plans at different scales)
2. The nature and specificity of the distribution of properties and characteristics in the environment under study.
3. A minimum set of subscales that do not violate the completeness and construct validity of a psychological property.

Socionic personality types

Socionics is a science designed to study personality types and the relationships between them. She pays a lot of attention to the perception and use of information that a person encounters every day.

There are the following types of personality:

• Dostoevsky. He is distinguished by highly developed intuition and the ability to empathize. At the same time, he will never put his interlocutor in an uncomfortable position. Innate politeness and sense of tact will not allow him to offend a person;
• Yesenin is able to calculate the outcome of an event in advance; he acts several steps ahead of the others;
• Don Quixote lives outside of boundaries and time. He finds several ways to solve problems and can evaluate the benefits of each action;
• Jack London. A person of this type is cold and acts based on logic. To achieve the goal, he notices everything that surrounds him, using information and people as resources;
• Stirlitz wonderfully organizes the work of the group, acting as its leader. Everyone will feel comfortable. Stirlitz himself is also capable of completing the tasks facing him;
• Hamlet lives by emotions, skillfully managing them to create the atmosphere he needs;
• Robespierre is conscientious, responsible and efficient. Power and glory are in last place for him;
• Balzac is able to notice details and will not forget to make a caustic remark, which is why he is often considered a cynic;
• Gaben loves comfort and regularity in everything. He will choose comfort and tranquility, protect himself from noise and bustle;
• Huxley is curious and attentive. He can read between the lines and see what others see as fantasy. He tends to dream, which helps him reach unprecedented heights;
• Gorky thinks rationally, putting cause-and-effect relationships at the forefront;
• Dreiser lives based on moral principles. If something goes against them, he falls into indignation and will never give up his opinion;
• Dumas is a true introvert who creates his own cozy world;
• Napoleon is a leader, a fighter, striving to show his superiority at every opportunity. He is stubborn and always gets his way;
• Zhukov is also confidently moving towards the goal. Guided by cunning, showing selfishness, regardless of people and their desires;
• Hugo is charismatic and positive. He charges everyone around with a positive attitude.

Napoleon as an image of a sociotype

Each of the personality types in psychology belongs to one of four groups:

• parents;
• infantile personalities;
• aggressors or victims;
• victims.

Note! According to psychologists, opposites form strong pairs; they attract and complement each other. For example, Jack London and Dreiser, as a victim and aggressor, or Don Quixote and Dumas, an infantile personality and a parent

Psychotypes according to Jung.

Jung divided personality types based on two general concepts: introversion or extroversion, as well as the main preferences of each personality type:

Condition 1. Where does a person get energy from?

An introvert is a person whose attention is directed inward; he receives energy from within. An extrovert's interest is directed outward; he receives energy from his environment. Condition 2

How a person accumulates knowledge. Methodically and scrupulously, based on facts, the sensory-sensing psychotype collects information. Intuitive people act mostly irrationally, based on the situation. Condition 3. How a person makes decisions. The thinking-logical type acts after an objective analysis of data. The emotional-feeling type makes decisions based on emotions, without unnecessary thinking. Condition 4. Concerns lifestyle. The rational type systematically implements the planned scenario. The perceiving type is often unpredictable, spontaneous, and flexible.

Based on the above conditions, Jung identified 8 psychotypes: