Communication: concept, functions, types and types (imperative, manipulative, dialogical)

Communication is a process built on the interaction of people in which they have the opportunity to exchange information. Types of communication in psychology imply the performance of participants in the process as performers of conventional, predetermined roles, onto which projections of their personalities are superimposed, that is, the individual characteristics of each. Participants in communication, as a rule, are limited by certain social norms and needs, depending on the type of their joint activities.

Question 2

Communication side of communication:

The main goal of information exchange communication is to develop a common meaning and a common point of view, agreement on various situations and problems. In the process of communication, the participants in communication are faced with the task of not only exchanging information, but also achieving its adequate understanding. In this regard, they talk about the existence of a barrier that arises in the communication process.

A communication barrier is a psychological obstacle in the way of a lack of information transfer between communication partners (rapid speech).

In the process of communication, information is exchanged both at the verbal and non-verbal levels. At the verbal level, human speech is used. Nonverbal means of communication are necessary in order to create and maintain psychological contact that regulates the communication process, give new semantic shades to the verbal text and direct the interpretation of words in a certain direction, express emotions, assessments, semantic situations, and the accepted role.

10 pp., 4700 words

Social and psychological features of communication in groups and teams.

... business. Business communication in a work group is a process of interconnection and interaction in which there is an exchange of activities, information and... Psychological recognition by participants of each other based on common interests, ideals, principles. The specifics of the relationship between ... in a circle of constant or periodic communication, only official issues are regularly considered. Typically it includes a manager,...

Types of non-verbal means of communication:

Visual appearance (kinesics - movements of the hands, head, gait, facial expression, eyes, posture, direction of gaze, skin reactions, proxemics - this is the spatial non-temporal organization of communication - the distance between interlocutors).
Acoustic appearance (voice quality, range, tonality).
Tactile appearance (tapesika - touching, shaking hands, hugging, kissing).
Olfactory appearance (pleasant and unpleasant environmental odors, natural and unnatural human odors).

Types of communication in psychology and techniques used

There are various communication techniques that participants use to achieve certain goals and benefits set for them:

Formal role-playing. With strict regulations on the content and means of communication, everyone makes do with only knowledge of the social role of the participants, without taking into account individual traits.
Manipulative. Various motivations are used to obtain direct benefits from the partner.
Subject. A technique of communicating with objects by creating an emotional background around them, with children's toys, robots and other “smart” gadgets.
Masks - a formal form is typical for contact, which does not take into account the individual characteristics of the interlocutors. The process of communication is characterized by established facial expressions, a set of standard gestures and phrases.

People who are shy and unsociable, who have significant difficulty communicating with people, need to learn to use several techniques and bring them to perfection.

This will allow you to freely express your thoughts and feel confident even in a large team.

Without communication, the development of human society is impossible.

This is one of the most important social factors, thanks to which any type of activity can become real. Increasing a person’s own well-being and creating better conditions for personal growth. Thanks to communication, each individual has the opportunity to quickly learn and process the information received. Various types of communication in psychology include optimal ways of transmitting information and a number of effective signals.

The presence of sign systems ensures the interpretation of received messages during communication. All participants in the conversation have the same idea and understanding.

Question 3.

Communication as interaction (the interactive side of communication):

The interactive side of communication is a conventional term denoting the characteristics of those components of communication that are associated with the interaction of people, with the direct organization of their joint activities. If we adhere to a certain scheme, we can say that communication in the broad sense of the word as the reality of interpersonal and social relations includes communication as the exchange of information. If the communication process is born on the basis of some joint activity, then the exchange of knowledge and ideas about this activity inevitably presupposes that acceptable mutual understanding is realized in new joint attempts to further develop the activity and organize it. The other side of the issue captures not only the exchange of information, but also the organization of joint actions that allow partners to implement some common activity for them.

Types of relationships:

Cooperation is a necessary element of joint activity, generated by its special nature.

Competition is a conflict situation based on different positions of the participants, the trigger, development and resolution of the conflict.

A destructive conflict becomes personal and gives rise to interests independent of the cause.

A productive conflict arises when a clash is based on the incompatibility of personalities, giving rise to a difference in points of view on any problem.

MAIN TYPES OF COMMUNICATION: IMPERATIVE, MANIPULATIVE AND DIALOGICAL

In social psychology and communication theory, three types of interpersonal communication are distinguished: imperative,

or directive, authoritarian;
manipulative;
dialogical (
Shevandrin N.I.
Social psychology in education. Part 1. M., 1995. P. 96, 97).

Dialogical (humanistic) communication is equal subject-subject personalized communication aimed at mutual knowledge and self-knowledge of communication partners. The main rule of dialogue is to perceive the partner as an equal, having his own position, and to establish trust in him. Dialogue is not an influence on the consciousness and behavior of a partner, but an equal interaction with him. Dialogue is genuine existential communication, the experience of an equal subject in the process of communication. Genuine dialogue does not allow communication as an “exchange of information” or “exchange of material and intangible values, “signs of approval and prestige” for the sake of profit, as interpreted in the exchange theory of the American sociologist George Homans

(1910–1989) and as is customary in the conditions of pragmatism of market relations. In modern mass society, the main deficit is the lack of genuine communication - communication for the sake of communication, which is confirmed by cross-cultural and sociological studies conducted in developed countries.

Dialogical communication is a process not of contemplative, but of “concrete active participation”

one unique subject to another unique subject in all its varieties, the process of
holistic empathy with him, both spiritual and practical
(
Dokuchaev I.I.
Introduction to the history of communication. Historiography and methodology for solving the problem. St. Petersburg, 2001. P. 5). Culturologist and semiotician
Yu.M.
Lotman, considering such cultural and historical forms of spiritual communication as the art of conversation, the culture of writing and family reading, called
true communication
(dialogue)
a person’s knowledge of man
and
a person’s knowledge of the world around him.
He considered communication as a means of transmitting forms of culture and social experience.

As a criterion for the effectiveness of dialogue communication, Russian sociologists T.M. Dridze and T.Z. Adamyants consider the degree to which mutual understanding has been achieved

between the participants in the dialogue.
At the same time, mutual understanding is not only the goal, but also a prerequisite for communication, which lies in the initial attitude towards understanding - communicative intention
as the “resultant” of the motive and goal of communication and interaction of people with the world around them.
The actor's predisposition to dialogue communication is manifested in openness towards the receiving party, i.e. in demonstrating explicit motives and goals of communication. If these conditions are absent, then unwanted communication failures
(“perception scissors”) occur, i.e.
mutual understanding is not achieved due to the fault of either one or the other party involved in communication, or both at the same time. Dridze identifies the following communication failures: pseudo-communication, in which messages are not crowned with adequate interpretations of communication intentions,” the communicator and the communicant not only each remain in their position, but also do not adequately understand each other’s intentions when entering into communication; quasi-communication, when a “ritual action” occurs, replacing communication and not implying dialogue according to the original condition ( Adamyants T.Z.
Social communication. M., 2005. P. 10–13;
Dridze T.M.
Social communication as textual activity in semiosociopsychology //Social Sciences and Modernity, 1996. No. 3).

Imperative (imperative - order: “you must”) communication is subject-object communication from top to bottom. Its goal is to achieve control over the behavior, attitudes, thoughts of a communication partner, forcing him to take certain actions; in this case, the partner is considered as an object of influence, but orders and instructions are given to him openly. Imperative communication is acceptable and even effective in such areas as military statutory relations, superior-subordinate relations, in extreme conditions when the strong will of the leader is needed, but parental, marital, friendly and pedagogical relationships cannot be based on imperative communication.

Manipulative communication is subject-object communication (horizontal - soft manipulation and vertical - aggressive manipulation), in which the influence on the communication partner is carried out covertly.

Manipulation is the influence on a person (a group of people) with the aim of inducing actions that are contrary to his (their) own interests.
Like the imperative, manipulation presupposes the desire to achieve control over the behavior and thoughts of another person, but manipulative influence, unlike an open order, is carried out unnoticed and secretly. At the same time, the real goals and motives of manipulators almost always diverge from the declared ones. In manipulative communication, the partner is perceived not as a unique, free, equal person, but as a bearer of certain qualities and properties needed by the manipulator. The difference between manipulation
and the outwardly similar technique of the so-called
hidden influence
lies in the desire of the active party to achieve a one-sided gain.
The essence of manipulation lies in the apparent openness of information, the declaration of lofty goals, but at the same time there is something hidden, a certain mechanism that allows you to influence people without being detected ( Nikolaishvili G.G.
Social advertising: theory and practice. M., 2008. P. 99 , 100).

The features of manipulation have been studied by many psychologists, theorists of communology and communication studies. Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev

(1857–1927) considered manipulation by suggestion, in which “inoculation of ideas” is imperceptibly introduced into consciousness.
Unlike persuasion, suggestion is an influence on consciousness without external coercion, without rational thought. Manipulation is the control of a person’s consciousness and behavior, his attitudes and impressions, his motives and reactions. American psychologist E. Shostrom believed that Dale Carnegie’s concept of conflict-free communication, known to managers, is a “soft” manipulation technique that nevertheless helps in succeeding in business. Shostrom proposed a classification of manipulators, explained the reasons for manipulative behavior and proposed technologies to help recognize manipulators ( Shostrom E.
Anti-Carnegie, or Manipulator. M, 1992).
Moscow psychologist E.V.
Dotsenko, whose book on the socio-psychological phenomenon of manipulation has been republished several times and has become a textbook, studied the etymology of the concept “manipulation”, the interpretation of this term, technology and manifestations of manipulation in interpersonal and political communications.
In his opinion, a metaphor for manipulation can be called “submission” to control consciousness and behavior (as if a person did what he was told himself), “hidden” influence and “skillful” influence. “Manipulation is a knot in which the most important problems of the psychology of influence are woven together: the presence of power struggle, the problems of truth-false and secret-obvious, the dynamics of shifting responsibility, changing the balance of interests” ( Dotsenko E.L.
Psychology of manipulation: phenomena, mechanisms and protection M., 1997, p. 8).
Manipulative communication is the interception of initiative, distraction of the addressee’s attention, “playing” on various “strings of the soul”, i.e. on the significant motives of the manipulated. This is a desire to put him in a subordinate, dependent position. This is convincing you of the need to fight “for a place in the sun” or feigned ingratiation and the desire to please. This is the feeling that the manipulator is “darkening” ( Kazarinova I.V., Pogolsha V.M.
Interpersonal communication. St. Petersburg, 2004. P. 84. 85). These characteristics of manipulative communication will help you recognize the manipulator and avoid unpleasant communication with him.

About modern technologies and techniques for manipulating individual and mass consciousness,

used in the media, there are a number of interesting publications about the main “constructs” of socio-political manipulation (myths, stereotypes, images) (
Bogomolova N.N.
Social psychology of mass communication. M., 2008;
Kara-Murza S.G.
The power of manipulation. M., 2004;
Kara-Murza S.G.
Manipulation of consciousness. M., 2000;
Green R.
48 laws of power. M., 2007;
Osipov G.V.
Sociology and social myth-making. M., 2002;
Melnik G. S.
Mass-Media: Psychological processes and effects. St. Petersburg, 1996;
Gnatyuk O.L.
Current problems of studying television in the system of mass communication // Russia in the Global World. Social-theoretical almanac. No. 1. St. Petersburg, 2001;
Gnatyuk O. L.
Alarmism as a negative asymmetry, or a new function of the Russian media // Extremism and the media. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference, November 23–24, 2006. St. Petersburg, 2006;
Berezkina O. P.
Socio-psychological technologies creating a political image. St. Petersburg, 1997;
Toshchenko Zh.T.
Time of myths and ways to overcome them // Socis.
2006. No. 1; Karmin A.S.
Psychology of advertising. St. Petersburg, 2004).

Question 4.

Communication as people’s perception of each other (perceptual side of communication):

The process of perception by one person of another acts as an obligatory component of communication and can conditionally be called the perceptual side of communication. Social perception began to be called the process of perceiving social objects, by which we mean certain people, social groups, and large social communities. When the subject of perception is an individual, he can perceive another individual belonging to his group, an individual belonging to another group, his own group, an alien group, and can also perceive communities. The situation is more complicated when not only an individual, but also an entire group is interpreted as the subject of perception. Then it is worth adding to this process: the group’s perception of its own member, a representative of another group, the group’s perception of itself, the perception of another group as a whole.

19 pp., 9492 words

Question 7 Communication and activity

... since communicating individuals exchange and, therefore, mutually enrich knowledge. Types and functions of communication. There are two main types of social contacts: activity and communication. Between communication and activity, as types of human...

Ritual style

This style is usually determined by the culture in which a person lives. Ritualistic, for example, may be the style of greetings and questions asked and answered during a meeting. Thus, in American culture it is customary to answer the question: “How are you?” answer: “Wonderful,” no matter how things turn out in reality. It is common for our culture to respond “to the point,” without hesitating to assign negative characteristics to one’s own existence. A person accustomed to a different ritual will be puzzled when receiving such an answer.

Question 5

Ways to optimize communication:

Communication is the exchange of information between two or more people. When communicating, we make mutual deliveries of emotional experiences and value ideas. Gestures, facial expressions, intonation, the volume of our voice, clothing, demeanor, etc. The recipient of the information analyzes in order to find out what the interlocutor feels towards him: sympathy or antipathy. Depending on the results of such an analysis, he accepts or rejects the interlocutor as a communication partner.

Encroachments on self-esteem or clashes with any value concepts in communication lead to difficulties in perceiving the content of information that one of the interlocutors would like to convey to the attention of the other. Also in communication, the creation of a certain image of a person, a unique image, plays an important role.

It is known that in the field of business people, various negotiations play an important role. Non-directive negotiation methods are quite effective.

Providing the right feedback is important to clarify the meaning of the message. Feedback is the reaction of the perceiver (verbal or non-verbal) to the partner’s behavior. This information is not about what this or that person is, but more about ourselves in connection with this person. Sometimes contact with a communication partner is established very slowly. In order to create a friendly atmosphere in communication without much stress, allowing you to meaningfully deepen contact, you need to go through four stages:

Switching from communicating with yourself to communicating with your partner.
Establishing contact.
Maintaining contact while conveying the main message.
Breaking contact.

It should be noted that in the process of communication various obstacles associated with misunderstanding may arise. A barrier to understanding may be the nature of the perception of communication partners, determined by their personal attitudes. A significant barrier is also the semantic barriers associated with the difference in meanings invested by different people, but the same words, symbols (verbal and non-verbal attributes of communication).

Although verbal symbols are fundamental for conveying ideas, non-verbal symbols play an important role in communication, which include facial expressions, gestures, glances, distance to a partner, etc. Different readings of them by different people can create problems in communication. Misunderstandings between people also arise due to the presence of poor feedback, which makes it possible to determine whether the message is truly interpreted in the sense originally intended.

Communication as a specific type of human activity is one of the leading factors in personality development. In this regard, optimization of communication takes on a very important role (diagnosis).

The role of perception in the communication process. Errors of perception

Where does communication begin? Of course, “at first sight”, i.e. communication begins with observing the interlocutor, his appearance, voice, and demeanor. Psychologists say in this regard that one person perceives another. Effective communication is impossible without correct perception, assessment and mutual understanding of partners, that is, without the perceptual side of communication.

Various factors influence how people perceive and evaluate each other. Research has confirmed that children and adults differ in social perception. Children are more focused on the perception of appearance (clothes, hairstyle, etc.); they recognize a person’s emotional state better by facial expressions than by gestures. In addition, the observer’s profession has a strong influence on the perception process. Thus, when assessing the same person, a salesperson will evaluate his appearance, a philologist will evaluate his speech characteristics, and a physician will evaluate his physical health.

However, in general, a person is faced with the task not simply of “perceiving”, but rather of getting to know another person. In the course of cognition, an emotional assessment of a person is carried out and an attempt is made to understand the logic of his actions and, on this basis, to build his own behavior.

People entering into communication differ from each other in life experience and social status. Social status is the position (position) of an individual or group in the social system, determined by a number of characteristics: profession, education, economic, family, age, ethnic, etc.), intellectual development, etc. What signs allow us to judge, for example, the superiority of our interlocutor in terms of social status? Research has shown that the process of forming a first impression of a person is essential. The first impression is greatly influenced by:

1) a person’s appearance (clothing, hairstyle, jewelry, glasses, insignia; in some cases, “clothing” such as a car, office decoration, stationery, etc. is considered);

2) a person’s behavior (how he stands, walks, sits, talks, where his gaze is directed, etc.).

Appearance and demeanor are factors of superiority, since they always contain elements that indicate a person’s belonging to a certain social group or his orientation towards a certain group.

Nowadays, the role of clothing is very significant. Knowing the “secrets” of clothing, you can create a certain image in your communication partner, increase (if necessary, decrease) your importance and prestige. For example, when going to an exam and putting on a formal suit and shirt and tie, students most likely strive to slightly inflate their social status. If the teacher wears jeans and a sweater for the same exam, then he is trying to weaken the factor of his superiority in order to improve interaction with the student. Properly selected clothing will help create a favorable impression, inspire trust on the part of your partner and create the image of an honest, reliable interlocutor.

What in clothing indicates superiority? Firstly, the price. The price of clothing is determined by quality, as well as by the frequency of occurrence of a given model (scarcity) and its fashionability. Secondly, the silhouette of the clothes. “High status” for both women and men is considered to be a silhouette resembling an elongated rectangle with emphasized corners, “low status” is a silhouette resembling a ball in shape.

For example, a sweater, especially a voluminous and fluffy one, jeans or soft trousers are incompatible with high status. However, at a friendly party, a soft sweater (pullover) is perceived better than a formal suit. Thirdly, the color of the clothes. Please note that specific colors may have different meanings in different countries. In European clothing, achromatic colors, i.e., black, gray and white, are considered a sign of high status (regardless of fashion trends); the brighter and more saturated the color, the lower the person's perceived status. All these signs are important in interaction; they should not be considered separately.

In addition, various details, such as decorations, influence the first impression. Massive gold signet rings for men, as well as large diamond rings for women, although they indicate their financial capabilities, can sometimes cause an undesirable effect (“disgusting jewelry may appear to a communication partner as cunning, insincere, and prone to dominance , claiming increased attention to their person.

In the manner of behavior, as in clothing, there are always elements that allow one to judge the status of the interlocutor (gait, manner of sitting and standing). For example, the results of experiments showed that people around them prefer people who sit freely on a chair, slightly tilting their body forward. And, conversely, people who sit straight on a chair, leaning slightly back, cause a negative attitude; the same applies to the manner of sitting on a chair with crossed arms or legs.

When perceiving a person, the factor of attractiveness is of great importance. The difficulty in determining this factor is due to the fact that we are accustomed to considering attractiveness as an individual impression. Any attempt to generalize the signs of attractiveness “encounters” internal resistance. Different peoples in different historical periods had and have their own canons of beauty, so the factor of attractiveness is determined not by the shape of the eyes and hair color, but by the social significance of this or that characteristic of a person. After all, there are types of appearance that are approved and disapproved by society or a specific social group, which means that attractiveness is an approximation to the type of appearance that is maximally approved by the group to which we belong.

Another important factor in perception is the attitude of others. At the same time, people who treat us well are valued much higher than those who treat us poorly. In the experiment, psychologists, having identified the subjects' opinions on a number of issues, introduced them to the opinions of other people on the same issues and asked them to evaluate these people. It turned out that the closer someone else’s opinion is to one’s own, the higher the assessment of the person who expressed this opinion. In this experiment, agreement was assessed using direct questions. However, there are a large number of indirect signs of agreement: nods of approval, smiles and words in the right places, demeanor. In communication, it is very important that consent is clearly expressed. If there is agreement, then the perception of the factor of positive attitude towards us is included.

Studying the processes of perception, psychologists have identified typical distortions of ideas about another person - the so-called errors (effects) of perception:

Stereotyping effects—leads to two different consequences. Firstly, to simplify the knowledge of another person (people). Secondly, to the formation of prejudices towards representatives of various social groups (professional, socio-economic, ethnic, etc.):

Halo effect (halo effect, halo or horn effect) - a general favorable or unfavorable opinion about a person is transferred to his unknown traits.
Sequence Effects:

The primacy effect (first impression effect, familiarity effect) - the first information is overestimated in relation to the subsequent one.
The effect of novelty - new information about the unexpected behavior of a well-known, close person is given more importance than all the information received about him previously.

Role effect - behavior determined by role functions is taken as a personal characteristic.
The effect of presence - the better a person knows something, the better he does it in front of others than in solitude.
Advance effect - the absence of previously attributed non-existent advantages leads to disappointment.
The effect of leniency - the leader exaggerates the positive traits of his subordinates and underestimates the negative ones (typical for a leader with a permissive and, to some extent, democratic style).
The effect of hyper-demandingness - the leader exaggerates the negative traits of his subordinates and underestimates the positive ones (typical for a leader of an authoritarian style).
The effect of physiognomic reduction - the conclusion about the presence of a psychological characteristic is made on the basis of appearance features.
Beauty effect - a more attractive person is assigned more positive traits.
The expectation effect - expecting a certain reaction from a person, we provoke him to it.
In-group favoritism - “insiders” seem better.
The effect of negative asymmetry in initial self-esteem—over time, there is a tendency toward the opposite of in-group favoritism.
Presumption of reciprocity - a person believes that the “other” treats him the way he treats the “other.”
The phenomenon of assumption of similarity - a person believes that “their own people” treat other people the same way as he does.
Projection effect - a person assumes that others have the same qualities as him.
The phenomenon of ignoring the information value of what did not happen - information about what could have happened, but did not happen, is ignored.
Effect - attributing characteristics to oneself or another person.

Of course, no one can completely avoid mistakes, but everyone can understand the peculiarities of perception and learn to correct their mistakes.

Question 6.

Definition, functions, boundaries, classifications of small groups:

14 pp., 6844 words

Psychology of intergroup relations: group boundaries, the feeling of “we”, ...

... questions about whether the group can be considered as something standing above individuals, whether it is even possible to predict any product of group activity on the basis of knowledge of individual ... contributions to it. The feasibility of studying groups is obvious, because They …

A small group is a group in which social relations take the form of direct personal contacts. It is customary to talk about the upper and lower limits of a small group. In some opinions, it is believed that the lower limit of a small group is 2 people, but there is another point of view - 3 people. The upper limit of a small group is its maximum volume (50-+2).

The upper limit of the group is determined by criteria that are determined by the nature of the activity itself.

A team is a special qualitative state of a small group that has reached a high level of social psychological maturity. With this understanding, every collective is a small group, but not every small group can be a collective.

Classification:

A laboratory group is a group specially created to perform tasks under experimental conditions.
A natural group is a group that functions in real life situations.
A formal group is a group whose structure and relationships are established and regulated through administrative and legal procedures.
Membership group - in which the individual is actually a member.
A reference group is a group whose norms and values a person shares and correlates his or her attitudes with them.

The belonging of each person to a certain group is associated with the realization of certain needs of the individual. A certain part of the life activity of this individual is manifested within the framework of the activities of the social group. In this group, the style of his behavior is determined, which in turn determines interpersonal relationships, the status of the individual (the position of the individual in society, occupied by him in accordance with his functions, gender, etc.) and the role of the individual (the totality of acquired and performed functions and accepted behavior).

Depending on the style of behavior inherent in the majority of participants, a group decision can be made. A productive decision-making process includes the emergence of formations in the form of new goals, motives, attitudes, meanings, and methods of action.

The concept of a reference group. Referentometry:

A reference group is a group whose norms and values a person shares, correlating his or her attitudes with it. The functions of the reference group include the formation of an individual’s sympathy and emotional preference for certain people. In such a group lie the main determinants of personality - assessments, actions, deeds.

The reference group has its own standards and beliefs, which is very important from the point of view of maintaining integrity, since each individual in the group identifies himself in relation to these standards and beliefs. When choosing and evaluating his actions, each individual uses a system of standards for a given group. This is necessary for the stability of the group. The individual also evaluates the behavior of other people and social events, which allows for subsequent reproduction in the group to occur.

Referentiality is a form of specific interpersonal relationships mediated by the content of group activity and expressing the subject’s dependence on other people based on the need for social orientation, acting as a selective attitude towards them in the context of the task of orientation in the object. Referentometry is used to check how much each person’s personal values coincide with the values of the group that determines the sociometric status of the individual.

7 pages, 3033 words

Motivation for group activities

... it represents what types, sizes and structures a group can be, the general qualities of groups, the motivation of group activities and personnel. Chapter 1. The concept of motivation 1.1 The concepts of “motives” and “... stable and situational, organized and spontaneous, contact and non-contact. Groups are made up of people, societies are made up of groups. Individuals, groups and societies are three modern realities, they...

Social and psychological characteristics of a small group:

Viewed through the dimensions or levels of a circular structure:

The sociometric dimension characterizes the special positions of an individual in the system of intragroup interpersonal relations.
The formal-status dimension gives an idea of the subordination of an individual’s positions in the system of official relations, which is recorded in the organization’s civil schedule.
The communicative dimension is implemented in communication networks that record the subordination of the positions of individuals depending on their location.
Attitudes to power reflect the position of individuals depending on their ability to exert influence within the group.

There are several types of social power:

rewarded power contributes to rewarding another person.
Coercive power is exercised through coercion and punishment of another person.
Ligative power is based on the assumption that one subject has the legitimate right to prescribe the behavior of another subject.
referent power is based on relative sympathies and emotional preferences.
Expert power is based on another person's superiority in specialized knowledge and competence in a particular activity.

Leadership is determined by the hierarchy of the position of individuals depending on their value potential and contributions to the life of the group.

Types of leaders:

A functional leader is a competent leader who is task-focused. He fights to achieve the goals set by the group.
An affective leader focuses on the relationships between group members.

Group leadership:

Leadership occurs primarily in an informal group, with appropriate relationships. The leadership is in official groups.
Leadership is predominantly manifested in small groups, the leader is closed in it, since he needs to maintain contact with a superior leader.
The leader emerges spontaneously and depends on changes in group mood.
The authority of a leader is based on his personal influence; responsibility is less indirect than that of a leader.

It is also very important to note that the characteristics of a small group include three areas:

Sociometric direction (J. Moreno).
In society

Two structures of relations are distinguished. Macrostructure is the spatial distribution of individuals in various forms of their life activity. Microstructure is the structure of an individual’s psychological relationships with the people around him. All social conflicts are directionally related to the discrepancy between micro and macro structures. The task is to rearrange the macrostructure in such a way as to bring it into line with the microstructure.

3 pages, 1123 words

Topic 2-3. Characteristics and features of training groups, group dynamics

... features of training groups, group dynamics Plan: 1. The concept of a training group. 2. Types of educational and training groups, their differences. 3. Structure of educational and training groups. 4. Group norms (rules) in the training group. 5. Staffing the SPT group: high-quality...

Sociological direction (E. Mayo).
Conducted

experiment on the effect of illumination on labor productivity. During the experiment, the lighting in the experimental group was increased, and an increase in labor productivity was observed; under normal lighting, productivity was not observed in the control group. At the next stage, the lighting conditions were canceled in the experimental group, and labor productivity continued to increase. As a result, growth began in the control group. Additional studies have been conducted. They increased wages, lighting, equipment, labor productivity grew when all this was canceled. Mayo realized that what plays a role here is awareness of the importance of what is happening, of one’s participation in some event. This was interpreted as a special feeling of stability - the need to feel like one belongs to a group.

School of Group Dynamics (Lewin).
He created field theory.

The central idea was that the laws of social behavior should be sought through knowledge of psychological and social forces. The most important method of analyzing the psychological field was the creation in laboratory conditions of a group with given characteristics and the subsequent study of the functioning of this group. This process is called group dynamics.

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Question 7

Mechanism of group dynamics:

The most important of the processes related to group

dynamics is the process of formation of small groups. The direct formation of a group and the psychological processes that make a group a group is group pressure on the individual.

Processes of group cohesion, leadership and acceptance

group decisions with the amendment that the entire set of processes of group management and leadership is not limited to the phenomenon of leadership.

Development of joint activities. It is worth mentioning here

Such a concept as a collective is where its formation takes place.

Phenomena of interaction between the individual and the group:

Mental phenomena express a person’s attitude towards various socially significant objects: surrounding people, groups, social institutions. Here we can distinguish two classes of characteristics of a phenomenon: characteristics of functions and characteristics of the internal composition and content of such phenomena.

interpersonal orientation (assessed by management as the least

preferred employee).

authoritarianism - directive behavior, desire for

control over the actions of participants.

social sensitivity characterizes the ability

personality to reflect the states of other people. Includes empathy and social understanding.

13 pages, 6071 words

Scientific organization and labor regulation. Factors influencing...

... taking into account the specifics of their economic activities. Only such an organization of labor can provide them with the highest labor productivity. But, on the other hand, labor organization is the rational ordering of the work activities of workers...

the desire for power correlates with the behavior of members

groups aimed at achieving prestigious intragroup positions.

reliability - responsibility, self-confidence,

self-respect.

emotional stability includes anxiety and

personal adaptation when one requirement increases and another decreases, is manifested by the individual in the group. An individual is more willing to change his views under the influence of a group.

Communication style significantly determines a person’s behavior when interacting with other people.

The specific choice of communication style is determined by many factors: a person’s personal characteristics, his worldview and position in society, the characteristics of this society, and much more. How many communication styles are there? This question is difficult to answer.

However, if we proceed from the fact that a communication style is simply a person’s greater readiness for a particular situation, then we can talk about three main styles. They can conditionally be called ritual, manipulative and humanistic.

Question 8.

Effectiveness of group activities:

Efficiency depends on the cohesion of the group, on the leadership style, and the influence on the effectiveness of the method of making group decisions.

In reality, the productivity of a group is only one indicator of effectiveness - the satisfaction of group members with joint work.

Groups, being at different stages of development, should have different effectiveness in solving problems of varying importance and difficulty.

Group cohesion:

Forming connections in a group that allow external

transform a given structure into a psychological community of people, into a complex mental organization living according to its own laws.

The process of emergence of similar orientations among group members

in relation to some values that are significant to them.

Joint activities of group members.

Examples of similar educational works

Nonverbal means of communication in human speech activity 2

... the dynamics of the communication process in a group, and the problem of dynamic factors arising in the communication process itself. Nonverbal components of communication...activities of the Russian Academy of Sciences. , - cannot be directly controlled. Emotions, like other human mental processes,...

Lecture 1. Communication in the structure of activities of participants in the educational process

... human activity, primarily with practical and cognitive activity - all this forms its own subject of the psychology of communication" (142, p. 212). Thus, the subject of pedagogical communication is the specifics of communication processes...

Psychological support of human activity

... activities. 7. Psychological support for the family. 8. Psychological support for children and adolescents who find themselves in a difficult social situation. 9. Psychological support of the treatment process. 10. Psychological support for people...

Topic: Physiological aspects of human mental activity

... weeks, months, years. Neurosis significantly disrupts the thinking process, which also indicates the conditioned reflex nature of this type of human cognitive activity. Regarding modern ideas about brain pro...

the influence of emotions on cognitive processes and human activity.

... the role of emotions in human life is more obvious. Object of study: emotions as a mental process. Subject of research: the influence of emotions on cognitive processes and human activity. Objectives of the course work: -studying the characteristics of emotions; ...

Workshop

Correlate the proposed socio-psychological concepts and their definitions:

a) stereotype;

b) prejudice;

1) one-sided, distorted and, as a rule, prejudiced view, characteristic of representatives of professional, age, social, ethnic groups or classes;

2) personal antipathy or active hostility towards another social group; however, individuals may or may not participate in discriminatory activities based on their views

A stereotype is a one-sided, distorted and, as a rule, prejudiced view characteristic of representatives of professional, age, social, ethnic groups or classes.

Examples: Gender stereotypes:

women are the weaker sex;
women are stupider than men, or even “all women are fools”;
a woman cannot be a leader;
all women want one thing - to get married;
men - the stronger sex;
men do not cry;
all husbands cheat on their wives, etc.

Age stereotypes:

all children are pure in soul;
all teenagers are “difficult”;
young people suffer from frivolity (“young-green”);
Forty-year-old men are in crisis;
older people are conservatives;
old people are grumpy, etc.

Ethnic stereotypes:

Americans are ambitious;
the Baltic people are slow;
the British are conservative;
The French are loving;
The Chinese are enterprising, etc.

Prejudice is personal antipathy or active hostility towards another social group; however, individuals may or may not participate in discriminatory activities based on their views

Example:

Mr. X: The problem with Jews is that all they do is take care of their fellow countrymen.

Mr. W: But our union's treasury records show that Jews give more generously than the typical charitable contributions of non-Jews.

Mr. X: This shows that they are always trying to buy favor and interfere in the affairs of Christians. They only think about money, which is why there are so many Jewish bankers.

Mr. W: A recent study shows that the percentage of Jewish bankers is small, much lower than among non-Jews.

Mr. X: That may be true, but still, they are not involved in respectable business, only show business, casinos and nightclubs.

In the above conversation, Mr. X ignores Mr. Y's evidence due to his prejudice against Jews. Instead of answering, he just continues his accusations, moving on to the next reason why he doesn’t like Jews.