Victimization is a person’s predisposition to be a victim. At the same time, there is a difference between social predisposition, where the likelihood of becoming a victim depends on the crime situation in the region, as well as psychological victimization, when characterological and personality traits acquired as a result of upbringing or psychological traumas received contribute to provoking behavior.
The victim's victimization due to psychological factors has been seriously criticized by many authors and is practically discredited in jurisprudence, where only one party bears responsibility for the crime committed. To prove this, facts are cited that the victim’s behavior is perceived as a provocation exclusively by the criminal and is not objective. That is why this concept is not used in court cases of murder and rape, but has a place in practical psychology. It makes sense to talk about victimization when a person has an increased likelihood of getting into trouble, which is caused by various internal reasons.
Areas of study
Before talking about such a social phenomenon as victimization, as well as identifying the reasons for its development and influence on other processes of social development, it is necessary to clarify the basic concepts of this term. It must be said that this problem is dealt with in such areas of scientific knowledge as psychology, sociology, pedagogy, jurisprudence, etc., which elevates this topic to the ranks of the most pressing.
Literature
Dissertations
- Adigyuzelov K. A.
Problems of victimization of the population (based on materials from the Republic of Dagestan): Author's abstract. diss... cand. legal Sci. - Makhachkala, 2002. - 28 p. - Konovalov V.P.
Victimization from crime and its statistical expression: Abstract of thesis. diss... cand. legal Sciences / All-Union Scientific Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR. - M., 1979. - 22 p. - Leletova M.V.
Prevention of criminal victimization of small businesses: Author's abstract. diss... cand. legal Sci. - Nizhny Novgorod, 2006. - 35 p.
Books
- Polubinsky, V.I.
Criminal victimology: Monograph. — 2nd ed. - M.: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008. - 53 p.
Articles
- Arutyunova, A. B.
Criminological problems of the process of victimization of minors // Investigator. - 2002. - No. 6 (50). — pp. 27-29. - Batagov S. R.
Main trends in the development of economic crime and victimization from it at the present stage // Law and Politics. - 2008. - No. 6. - P. 1459-1462. - Vandyshev V.
V. Situations of victimization of citizens from theft of personal property in the sphere of everyday life // Fight against crime and problems of neutralizing criminogenic factors in the sphere of family and everyday life. - L.: Leningrad State University Publishing House, 1985. - P. 54-63. - Vishnevetsky K.V.
Urbanization and its influence on the processes of victimization of the population // Legal world. - 2006. - No. 3. - P. 65-70. - Vishnevetsky K.V.
Terrorism as a factor of mass victimization of the population // Bulletin of the Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. - 2006. - No. 4. - P. 85-90. - Research in Germany on sexual victimization of women. // Fighting crime abroad. - 2004 - No. 8. - P. 20-27 (Published in: Kriminalistik. - 2002. - No. 4. - S. 241-245.
- Leletova M.V.
Problems of improving the system for preventing victimization of small businesses // Investigator. - 2007. - No. 3. - P. 38-43. - Leletova M.V.
Prevention of victimization // Investigator. - 2007. - No. 4. - P. 42-45. - Nevsky N. N., Nevsky A. N.
The influence of the victimogenic situation on victimization // Bulletin of the Vladimir Law Institute. - 2008. - No. 1. - P. 184-186. - Fenveshi Ch.
Violence in criminal proceedings: Subjects of secondary victimization // Journal of Russian Law. - 2003. - No. 2. - P. 136-142. - Fortova L.K.
Victimization of minors as a legal phenomenon // Law and State. - 2007. - No. 8. - P. 136-140.
General concept
Victimization is a social process by which a person becomes the victim of a crime. Simply put, it is the result of the offender's actions towards the victim. Here it is worth defining the concept of victimization. It refers to the tendency to become a victim. Thus, victimization and victimization are inseparable concepts, in which the former is a characteristic of the latter. It can be measured by the number of cases of harm and the totality of characteristics of the victims of the crime.
Playing the Sacrifice [6]
There is also a voluntary acceptance of the role of a victim (self-victimization) due to various reasons (mental disorders) or benefits (attracting attention, Munchausen Syndrome, avoiding responsibility, justifying cruelty, receiving benefits, etc.).[10][11] Unscrupulous victim games are highlighted, for example, in transactional analysis, in such manipulative games as: “look how hard I tried” and “wooden leg”, where one’s own opportunities to improve one’s situation are ignored.[12][13]
Victimization: concept and types
The founder of such a subject as victimology was L. V. Frank. In fact, without his influence the concept of victimization would not have emerged. So, Frank introduces his definition of the term. According to him, victimization is the process of becoming a victim, as well as its result, regardless of whether this is an isolated case or a mass one.
However, immediately after this, a barrage of criticism falls on Frank. Other researchers note that the concepts of process and its result should be different from each other, and not be a single whole.
For example, Riveman argues that victimization is the act in which a crime committed against a person has an impact on the development of his propensity. And if a person turns from a potential victim into a real one, then this process is called “victimization-result”.
Notes
- ↑Dodonov V.N., Ermakov V.D., Krylova M.A. and others. Large legal dictionary. M.: Infra, 2001 [1]
- ↑Luneev V.V. VICTIMOLOGY // Great Russian Encyclopedia. Volume 5. Moscow, 2006, p. 307 [2]
- ↑General psychology: words. / ed. A. V. Petrovsky. — M.: Per Se; St. Petersburg : Rech, 2005. - 250 pp.; — (Psychological lexicon: encyclical words in 6 volumes). [3]
- ↑Zhmurov, V. A. Great encyclopedia of psychiatry / V. A. Zhmurov. — 2nd ed. - M.: Dzhan-gar, 2012. - 864 p. [4]
- ↑ABC of a social psychologist-practitioner: reference and encyclopedic publication / M. Yu. Kondratyev, V. A. Ilyin. - Moscow: Per Se, 2007. - 463 p. [5]
- ↑James Dignan. Understanding Victims and Restorative Justice. NY: Open University Press, McGraw-Hill Education, 2005. P. 23
- ↑Post-crime victimization or secondary victimization (undefined)
.
Comprehensive Criminal Justice Terminology
. Prentice Hall. Archived March 10, 2013. - ↑ Campbell R., Raja S.
Secondary victimization of rape victims: insights from mental health professionals who treat survivors of violence (English) // Violence Vict: journal. - 1999. - Vol. 14, no. 3. - P. 261-275. - PMID 10606433. - ↑ Doerner, William.
Victimology (undefined). - Burlington, MA: Elseiver, Inc., 2012. - ISBN 978-1-4377-3486-7. - ↑Simon, George K (1996). In Sheep's Clothes: Understanding and Dealing with Manipulative People. ISBN 978-0-9651696-0-8.
- ↑Evans, Katie & Sullivan, J. Michael Dual Diagnosis: Counseling the Mentally Ill Substance Abuser (1990)
- ↑Petruska Clarkson, Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy
(London 1997) p. 217 - ↑Eric Berne, Games People Play
(Penguin 1964) p. 92 and p. 141-2
Process communication
To prove this, it is worth noting that these two phenomena are inextricably linked. Any action aimed at achieving the state of victim has its logical conclusion.
This means that at the moment when a person is attacked, regardless of what the outcome of the event was, he automatically acquires the status of a victim. In this case, the attack itself is victimization in the process concept. And the person against whom the crime was committed is the result.
That is why victimization is the process of influence of one event on another. The more crimes occur, the higher the risk of becoming a victim.
Victimization Case Study
In order to understand under what circumstances an ordinary person becomes a victim of crime, it is necessary to conduct a number of studies.
Victimization and its degree are determined if total data on the number of all victims is available. This does not depend in any way on the severity of the crime, its outcome or the presence of other factors that provoked the incident.
Simply put, victimization is the totality of all cases in which an object suffered moral or physical damage.
In addition, thanks to the study of the degree of predisposition to becoming a victim, we can talk about such a concept as crime. If we draw parallels between the cause and effect of these phenomena, the conclusion suggests itself. The more victims, the higher the crime rate, which means that human destructiveness is actively developing as an element of the social life of society.
How to get rid of victimization
The increased tendency to become a victim is not an innate quality, but accordingly can be corrected. In situations where the frequency and intensity of losses becomes significant, the condition is stabilized with tranquilizers and antidepressants with simultaneous psychotherapeutic correction.
If the situation is not so critical, then only psychotherapy aimed at restoring adequate self-esteem and developing new behavioral strategies is indicated. One of the main tasks is to shift the regulatory role of actions from an external source to an internal one. This means that before you make a decision or follow the advice, request or even order of someone, you need to correlate what is happening with your needs. In a healthy state, a person will not perform actions that cause him harm, no matter who asks for it, even his direct boss. This implies a greater share of responsibility for one’s life and its course. From this perspective, it is no longer possible to blame others for failures that have occurred or to look for excuses for why the misfortune occurred. Finding support in his feelings and decisions, a person himself begins to organize his life in a safe way, calculating the consequences in advance.
The absence of exposure to external manipulation is necessary so that others cannot play on feelings of guilt, pity or inferiority. A girl who knows her strengths and weaknesses is unlikely to agree to the offer “who needs you besides me, sit down.” The ability to refuse in any area of life is excellent training against victimization. The more the skill of tactful confrontation develops, the less chance there is of unknowingly becoming a victim.
It is necessary to start monitoring your own thoughts, because the more an individual feels sorry for himself and appears helpless and unhappy in his own eyes, the more such a state is transmitted to others. In essence, these are also provocations, because if someone complains the first time, they help him, the second time they don’t pay attention, and the third time it can cause very specific aggressive actions.
Types of victimization
Like any other phenomenon, the process of becoming a victim is divided into types. Thus, by its nature it can be individual or mass.
In the first case, it is implied that the harm is caused to one specific person.
In the second case, we are talking about a social phenomenon - a set of both victims of crime and the acts of harm themselves, subject to certainty of place and time, as well as the presence of qualitative and quantitative characteristics. Another such mass phenomenon is defined by the term “crime”.
Also, depending on the degree of social coordination of both crime itself and the subject’s predisposition to it, the following types of this process are distinguished:
1) Primary. It means causing harm to a specific person at the time of the crime itself. It does not matter whether it was moral, material or physical damage.
2) Secondary victimization is indirect harm. It may be associated, for example, with the immediate environment, when all members of his family suffer from the theft of property from one person. There are other ways to indirectly cause harm. It is expressed in labeling, accusations of provoking illegal actions, alienation, humiliation of honor and dignity, and other actions aimed at desocializing the victim.
3) Tertiary. It refers to the influence on the victim with the help of law enforcement agencies or the media for one’s own purposes.
Sometimes they also distinguish quaternary, understanding by it such a phenomenon as genocide.
Text of the book “Criminology. Cribs"
Structure of criminological victimology
Criminological victimology is
an independent branch of criminology that studies the character and behavior of a crime victim, her connections and relationships with the criminal before, during and after the commission of a crime.
Criminological victimology studies:
1) social, psychological, legal, moral and other characteristics of crime victims, that is, creates a victimological portrait that makes it possible to understand for what reason and because of what emotional, volitional, moral qualities and socially conditioned orientation a person fell into the position of a victim;
2) the relationship connecting the criminal and the victim in their development, which makes it possible to understand how important or necessary the relationship that arose between them was to create the preconditions for the crime, how they influenced the initiation of the crime, its course, and to identify the underlying motives of the criminal’s actions;
3) situations preceding the crime and situations that arose directly during the crime, which helps to clarify how in these situations the behavior (action or inaction) of the victim (victim) is manifested and how this behavior is consistent with the behavior of the offender;
4) post-criminal behavior of the victim (victim), since involvement in a crime causes mental, moral, and physical trauma to the victim; the answer to this question helps to understand what the victim does to restore his rights, how willingly he resorts to the protection of law enforcement agencies, the court, or obstructs the administration of justice; this helps to develop a system of preventive measures that take into account or use the protection of potential victims at risk or victims;
5) ways, possibilities and methods of compensation for damage caused by the crime; emphasis is placed on the physical rehabilitation of the victim as a primary goal, but without limiting it to cases of crimes committed; Victimology predicts the onset of certain consequences along with the complex of overcoming them for persons whose psychological or moral qualities and behavioral characteristics turn out to be the determining factor for committing criminal acts or creating criminogenic situations that threaten to cause violence.
Personal victimization
Personal, or anthropological, victimization is called
a person’s special predisposition to become, due to certain circumstances, a victim of a crime or his inability to avoid danger in cases where this is quite possible.
Victimization consists of two components – personality and situation: the nature of the situation reveals certain special traits in the victim. Personal victimization is usually defined as a state of vulnerability during a person’s interaction with external factors, the realization (non-realization) of characteristic personal qualities by him at the time of the crime. This includes motives, goals, intent or negligence that aggravate (relieve) the harm caused, as well as perceptions, awareness and attitudes towards the results of victimization.
Personal victimization is determined by subjective and objective factors of victim predisposition;
they manifest themselves in extreme situations as an inability to resist the criminal.
The nature of victimization is determined by: 1) the number of victims as a result of crimes; 2) characteristics of the persons against whom the crimes were committed. Victim of a crime
considered an individual who has suffered physical, moral or material harm. In the structure of a crime victim, it is possible to identify common qualities that made her vulnerable, and to create victimological portraits and typing, the personal qualities and behavior of victims are studied.
According to the generally accepted classification of crime victims, they can be divided into groups according to:
1) the content of the subjective side: from intentional or careless crime;
2) the direction of the criminal offense (certain types of crimes);
3) the nature of the harm caused: material, moral or physical;
4) the degree of awareness of the onset of consequences: conscious or unaware;
5) types of relationships with the criminal: random, uncertain or definite;
6) roles of the victim: neutral, accomplices, provocateurs;
7) psychological criteria: with pronounced moral and psychological characteristics or with mental deviations;
biophysical characteristics;
9) involvement in a crime.
Types of victimization behavior
Victim behavior is called
such behavior of a person that can, as a result of the actions he commits, cause a crime.
In criminology, it is customary to distinguish three types of victim behavior:
careless, risky, or objectively dangerous for the victim. In many cases, the criminal initially has no desire to kill or maim another person, but the behavior of this person (often a random passer-by) is perceived by him as obviously dangerous. The criminal kills not because he wanted to kill from the very beginning, but because the victim aroused fear or aggression in him in response to aggression, insult, ridicule, threats, etc.
Many crimes occur as a result of the victimized behavior of the victims themselves; they are caused by the characteristics of the mental or physical state, inappropriate actions, provocative behavior, careless or frivolous attitude towards one’s own or someone else’s personality, honor and dignity, and the property of the criminal; or is associated with an unwillingness to cooperate with law enforcement authorities; entering into an illegal transaction with a criminal; and with prolonged contact with a criminal (usually as a hostage) - with the emergence of the so-called “Stockholm syndrome” (that is, accepting the point of view of the criminal and developing sympathy for him).
Types of victimization behavior can be divided into:
1) active – the behavior of the victim, which provoked the crime;
2) intensive – the victim commits positive actions, which nevertheless led to a crime;
3) passive - inaction when the victim does not resist.
Depending on the behavior of the victim, criminal situations can be of the following nature:
1) push, in which the victim provokes the criminal (by attack, insult, offense, humiliation, incitement, threats);
2) push, in which the victim does not provoke the criminal with his behavior, but he directs violent actions towards her;
3) non-push, in which the victim’s behavior creates the possibility of committing a crime, although it does not act as a push;
4) closed, in which the victim’s actions are aimed at causing harm to himself without the intervention of another person.
Signs of criminological victimization
Criminological victimization is called
the increased ability of a person, due to a number of subjective and objective circumstances, to become an object of criminal attacks or to be involved in a crime. Many illegal actions directed against the victim were due to the behavior of the crime victim herself, which provoked the offender to violence. Victim behavior is often associated with the characteristics of the situational state (for example, drug or alcohol intoxication), health status (defects of the sensory organs), provocative behavior and very often with a special mental state associated with inappropriate actions in a normal situation, which the offender perceives as aggression or threat .
People who are careless about the safety of their person, honor, dignity and safety of property easily become victims; usually these are sociable people who easily make acquaintances, or people whose professions involve such communication (prostitution, gambling, journalism, etc.), or people with harmful tendencies (drug addiction, alcoholism, etc.).
A frivolous attitude towards the rules of maintaining public order and safety leads to similar situations; entering into an illegal transaction; in the case of an already existing danger, an unwillingness to inform law enforcement about threats or (after a crime) about a violent crime that has taken place.
To calculate victimization, the concepts of quantitative signs of victimization and the nature of victimization are used.
Quantitative signs of victimization include:
1) volume – expressed in absolute numbers, the number of crimes that caused harm to individuals and legal entities, and the number of victims of similar crimes in a certain territory for a certain period;
2) level - the total number of recorded crimes that caused harm to individuals and legal entities, the number of victims of these crimes, the number of cases of harm caused by such crimes in a certain territory for a certain period.
The nature of victimization is understood as
the number of victims of the most dangerous crimes in the structure of victimization, as well as the victimological characteristics of the personality of crime victims.
Types of criminological victimization
Two types of criminological victimization can be identified:
1) individual
– the potential or realized increased ability of a person to become a victim of a criminal attack in a situation where the danger can be avoided. It includes personal and situational components, and it is the latter that causes the victim to display certain personal qualities that lead to the commission of a crime. Personal (individual) victimization is defined as a state of vulnerability during a person’s interaction with external factors that make it possible to realize characteristic personal qualities at the time of the crime. Vulnerability depends on subjective and objective factors, but is most often associated with victim predisposition - the mental properties and character of the victim that do not allow her to resist the criminal;
2) massive
- a certain community of people who have similar, similar or different moral, psychological, biophysical and social qualities that determine the degree of vulnerability from crimes of each individual person, but in the represented general mass, individuals with individual victimization act as a single element of the totality.
Depending on the implementation of certain personal and situational factors, mass victimization can be divided into three types:
a) group – victimization of certain groups of the population, categories of people similar in parameters of victimization;
b) object-specific – victimization, which is a prerequisite and consequence of various types of crimes;
c) subjective-specific – victimization, which is a prerequisite and consequence of crimes committed by different categories of criminals.
Quantitative indicators of mass victimization
expressed in: 1) volume (the totality of all victims and acts of harm to individuals in a certain territory in a certain period of time); 2) vulnerability potentials (common for the population and its individual groups of opportunities to become a victim of a crime, which are realized in the mass of individual victimization manifestations, have a different nature and different degrees of determination to commit a crime and cause harm).
The concept of victimological prevention
Victimology studies the character and behavior of a crime victim, examining step by step the characteristics of the victim’s behavior from the moment before the crime was committed, during the crime and after the crime. According to the findings of victimologists, the types of development of conflict situations that develop into a crime, the types of victim behavior that provoke a crime, and the types of criminals who can commit such crimes have been identified. The task of victimology is not only to analyze the crimes committed, but also to prevent them. For this purpose, a victimological forecast and classification of criminogenic situations with a victimization component are used.
For a number of typical situations, an algorithm of preventive actions
in relation to both the potential harm-doer and the possible victim:
a) a conflict situation between two or more persons is known, in which the possible cause of harm and the victim (victims) are identified, a change of roles between them is excluded;
b) there is a known conflict situation in which there is a high probability of changing roles in the “criminal-victim” system;
c) the potential cause of harm and the situations in which he can act are known, only the possible victim has not been identified;
d) the potential victim and the situations in which the victim behaves in a certain way are known, only the possible cause of harm is unknown;
e) situations are known that are obviously dangerous for a wide range of people, based on the possibility of being the cause of harm or the victim of a crime.
In practical terms, victimological prevention can be divided into two groups:
1) measures aimed at eliminating situations in which harm may be caused (informing citizens about dangerous places, persons and situations, about the best methods of behavior; patrolling by law enforcement agencies in crime-prone places and public places); 2) measures aimed at ensuring personal safety (premises security, weapons training, self-defense techniques, psychological assistance).
The concept of criminological personality of a criminal
The personality of the criminal in criminology is called
a set of individual properties inherent in a person who commits or has committed an unlawful act (crime), in which the antisocial orientation of his behavior is manifested. The nature of criminal behavior consists of objective and subjective factors, forming in the criminal certain reactions to certain life circumstances.
By studying the personal characteristics of a criminal, it is possible to identify the characteristics of this behavior and predict how he will act in a particular case, which greatly helps when investigating specific crimes, searching for escaped criminals, choosing a preventive measure or preventive measures for the criminal.
The doctrine of the identity of a criminal is most useful when searching for and neutralizing persons who have committed a crime, as an element of the investigation of a criminal case, its consideration in court, and when creating the foundations and methods of individual prevention. The personality of a criminal is distinguished by the deformation of his idea of human morality and law, and the deeper this deformation, the greater the social danger such a person poses.
For a better understanding of intrapersonal strain
In criminology, various types of classifications of criminals have been developed, they are based on different grounds. The personality structure of a criminal includes biophysiological, socio-demographic, psychological, moral, social-role, criminal-legal and criminological characteristics, which can be divided into two large groups:
1) sociological (socio-demographic): gender, age, level of education, level of material security, social status, presence of a family, etc.;
2) legal: nature, severity of crimes committed, commission of crimes for the first time or repeatedly, in a group or alone, duration of criminal activity, object of criminal attack, form of guilt, etc.
The sociological group of characteristics determines the position of the criminal in society, his status. However, understanding the personality of a criminal is impossible without considering legal characteristics; it is they that give him the criminal individuality of consciousness.
Criminal Personality Types
There are many classifications of types of criminals, each of them is built on a specific basis. In criminology, one of the most important is the classification according to the leading personal motive,
since it is precisely this that accurately shows
the most dangerous criminal types:
1) selfish - unites all persons who have committed crimes based on personal enrichment (thefts, robberies, robberies, thefts, fraud, a number of official crimes);
2) violent – unites all persons who have committed violent crimes (murder, bodily harm, rape and hooliganism); differs in sufficient diversity, in its pure form, violence is not a motivation for this kind of action, the concept of violence itself largely reflects the external nature of the action, and not just its internal content, but at the same time, the commission of violent crimes shows that in certain situations the criminal will resort to to violence as a way to solve problems.
This classification allows, roughly speaking, to separate thieves from a more aggressive contingent.
Persons united in committing illegal actions can be subjected to another classification,
divide them into smaller groups - according to the degree of their social danger, criminal contamination, its severity and activity:
especially dangerous (active antisocial): repeat offenders with multiple convictions, whose persistent criminal activity is in the nature of active opposition to society;
desocialized dangerous (passive, asocial): persons who have fallen out of the system of normal connections and communication, who have been leading a parasitic, often homeless, existence for a long time (vagrants, beggars, alcoholics);
unstable: persons who commit crimes not due to persistent antisocial tendencies, but due to their involvement in the life of certain groups with a negative orientation;
situational: persons whose social danger to their personality is expressed insignificantly in behavior, but nevertheless exists and manifests itself in appropriate situations.
This classification allows us to identify groups of especially dangerous criminals in order to monitor them.
Criminological characteristics of the criminal’s personality
The personality traits of a criminal are reflected by the personality structure of the criminal. The personality structure of the criminal is called
the totality of its socially significant properties that have developed in the process of various interactions with other people, institutions, and the state.
Signs of a criminal’s personality structure:
1) biophysiological
– gender, age, state of health, features of the physical constitution, natural properties of the nervous system, etc.;
2) socio-demographic -
education, social origin and status, occupation, national and professional affiliation, marital status, level of material security, belonging to an urban or rural population, etc.;
3) moral and psychological -
worldview position, which determines the general orientation of the individual, his sense of purpose, characteristics of behavior and actions, habits and inclinations; intellectual properties (level of mental development, amount of knowledge, breadth of views, content and variety of interests and aspirations, life experience, etc.), emotional (strength, balance or mobility of nervous processes, dynamism of feelings, degree of emotional excitability, nature of response to various manifestations of the external environment, etc.), volitional (the ability to make and implement decisions, the ability to regulate one’s activities and the direction of one’s actions, possession of endurance, resilience, firmness, perseverance);
4) social-role
– social role and social status;
5) criminal law and criminology
– qualities that reflect the degree of social deformation of an individual, its special properties, which make it possible to identify the most significant characteristics of persons who have committed crimes.
Criminal personality structure
One of the classifications of the structure of a criminal personality
identifies several sublevels within the criminal’s personality that determine a certain area of development and personality formation:
1) material security;
2) mental development;
3) moral orientation and aspirations of the individual.
These substructures are interconnected: if the structure is based on moral orientation, it will determine both the mental level and material situation; if the basis is financial situation, then a different type of personality will be formed; if intelligence turns out to be the basis, then we will get a dangerous and elusive criminal.
There is another variant of the personality structure of the criminal,
including the following elements:
1) socio-demographic: a) gender; b) age; c) social status and occupation; d) marital status; e) place of residence (city, rural area); f) material and living conditions. Age grouping shows the age groups of offenders; social status and occupation (worker, peasant, student, unemployed, pensioner, etc.) gives an idea of the social groups where crime is most common and allows us to establish its causes;
2) educational and cultural: indicate the interests and needs of the criminal;
3) functional-relational: they relate the criminal to a specific social group, show interaction and relationships with other people and institutions, his internal attitude to these functions and life plans;
4) moral and psychological: a) value orientation of the individual (shows the attitude towards social and moral values); b) attitude to law enforcement norms and requirements; c) a system of needs, interests, claims; d) chosen ways to satisfy them.
Types of victimization
Since the concepts of process and result are inseparable from each other, the types of the latter should also be clarified.
Victimization happens:
1) Individual. Consists of a combination of personal qualities and the influence of the situation. It is understood as a predisposition or already realized ability to become a victim in conditions where, objectively, the situation made it possible to avoid this.
2) Mass. It refers to a set of people who have a number of qualities that determine their degree of vulnerability to criminal acts. Moreover, each individual person acts as an element of this system.
At the same time, mass victimization has its own subtypes, including group, object-species and subject-species.
Literature
Books
- Polubinsky, V.I.
Criminal victimology: Monograph. — 2nd ed. - M.: All-Russian Research Institute of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia, 2008. - 53 p. - Odintsova M.A.
Types of victim behavior: Role-based victimization questionnaire. - Samara: Publishing house "Bakhrakh", 2013. - 160 p.
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This page was last edited on March 18, 2021 at 04:22. Sources used:
- https://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/625512
- https://atlasprava.ru/kriminologicheskaya-viktimnost/
- https://studme.org/82399/pravo/ponyatie_vidy_viktimnosti
- https://studopedia.ru/2_117117_vopros—viktimnost-i-ee-vidi.html
- https://wiki2.org/ru/victimization
Psychological theories of victimization
As mentioned above, many disciplines are puzzled by the concept of victimization. Including psychology. Many scientists have put forward their theories to explain why a person turns into a victim. Let's look at the most popular of them.
According to Fromm, Erickson, Rogers and others, victimization is (in psychology) a special phenomenon inherent in every person due to the presence of destructive traits. At the same time, the destructive focus is not only external, but also towards oneself.
Freud also adhered to this concept, however, he explained that without conflict there can be no development. The concept of the confrontation between two instincts: self-preservation and self-destruction also fits here.
Adler says that every person has an aggressive drive. And typical behavior is a reflection of inferiority. It does not matter whether it is real or imaginary.
Stekel's reasoning is also interesting. In his opinion, in dreams a person shows his hatred, his actual attitude towards the surrounding reality and his tendency to manifest an attraction to death.
But Horney rather relates his reasoning to pedagogical activity. He says that personality is formed from childhood. Many factors can influence the manifestation of neuroses and, as a result, difficulty in social functioning.
Examples of victimization behavior
As mentioned earlier, people with low self-esteem are prone to victimized behavior. Confident that they are wrong and incompetent, they accept the other person’s position as the only correct one and force themselves to follow it. It seems to the victim that her victimization should pity the rapist and stop his intention to commit a crime. As a rule, helplessness and submission provoke the criminal even more.
One of the most striking examples of victim behavior is Stockholm syndrome.
This is the state of the victim, in which at one moment she sensually goes over to the side of her rapist and abuser. He looks for justification for his actions, idealizes his tormentor, tries to understand his motives, sympathizes with him, or even falls in love with him. Sometimes this comes to the point that the victim resists his savior (the person who is trying to get her out of an abusive relationship, or a law enforcement officer in the case of hostage-taking). This is the most classic example of victimization in criminology.
The victimized type of woman often faces domestic violence from her husband or cohabitant, and is subject to accusations of provocative behavior (she was brightly dressed and made up, stayed with her friends, etc.). The victim often, especially from her personality, accepts these accusations and under under constant pressure he admits his “guilt” and the deservedness of this punishment.
The victim’s victimization behavior can be more pronounced: ridicule, threats towards the criminal, an open call to commit a crime (takes “weakly”), infringement of the personal dignity of the criminal, an attempt to show one’s superiority.
Of course, the victim is not always directly or indirectly to blame for being subjected to violence. In this case, they talk about situational victimization. This is a situation in which the victim simply found himself in the wrong time and place, which is why he found himself in a situation dangerous to life and health.
Victimization is... in pedagogy
By the way, according to pedagogical theories, there are several age stages at which the risk of developing victimization is increased. There are 6 of them in total:
1) The period of intrauterine development, when the influence is exerted through parents and their incorrect lifestyle.
2) Preschool period. Ignoring parents' need for love, misunderstanding of peers.
3) Junior school period. Excessive care or, conversely, its absence on the part of parents, the development of various defects, rejection by teachers or peers.
4) Adolescence. Drunkenness, smoking, drug addiction, molestation, influence of criminal groups.
5) Early youth. Unwanted pregnancy, attribution of non-existent defects, alcoholism, failures in relationships, bullying by peers.
6) Youth. Poverty, alcoholism, unemployment, failures in relationships, inability to further study.
