Violation of the emotional-volitional sphere: a spectrum of disorders from apathy to euphoria

Increased excitability or, conversely, passivity indicates a violation of the emotional-volitional sphere. Along with this, instability of the autonomic function, general hyperesthesia occurs, and the exhaustion of the nervous system increases.

It is very difficult for babies to fall asleep during this period. They become restless at night and wake up frequently. A child can react violently to any stimuli, especially if he is in an unfamiliar environment.

Adults also largely depend on their mood, which can change for seemingly unknown reasons. Why does this happen and what is important to know about it?

Definition of the emotional-volitional sphere

For appropriate development in society, as well as normal life activity, the emotional-volitional sphere is important.
A lot depends on her. And this applies not only to family relationships, but also to professional activities. The process itself is very complex. Its origin is influenced by various factors. This can be either a person’s social conditions or his heredity. This area begins to develop at an early age and continues to develop until adolescence.

From birth, a person overcomes the following types of development:

• somato-vegetative;
• psychomotor;
• affective;
• dominance;
• stabilization.

Emotions are different...

As well as their manifestations in life

For what reasons does the failure occur?

There are a number of reasons that can influence the development of this process and cause emotional and volitional disturbances. The main factors include:

• suffered shock, stress;
• lagging behind in terms of intellectual development;
• lack of emotional contact with family;
• problems of a social and everyday nature.

Along with this, you can name any other reasons that can cause internal discomfort and a feeling of inferiority. At the same time, a child will be able to develop harmoniously and correctly only if he has a trusting relationship with his family.

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Mother Nature has her own laws. Reluctance to fulfill one's parental duty, wars, various social disasters, abuse of children... In general, there is something to save them from. And then the care of such children passes to the state. One of the main mechanisms that would reduce the number of children in boarding schools is to find a new family for them.

During the existence of the institution, from 1995 to the present, 345 children have found shelter there. From the first days of living in our institution, the child does not lose hope that he may return to his biological family or acquire a new one in which he will be dear. But even if this dream is not destined to come true, then while he lives with us, his moral pains and anxieties will be compensated by the care and understanding of the center’s staff.

Dear guests of our site!

A team of students and teachers from the Kandalaksha Center for Assistance to Children Without Parental Care, “Bereg”, addresses you!

Every child left without parental care has the right and must live and be raised in a family. And even in cases where the family arrangement is difficult, the child must be surrounded with individual attention and care. And in addition to the staff of the school, the Center (former orphanage), such children should have a significant adult mentor or friend who helps them acquire skills for a future independent life. Being a mentor or just a good friend means communicating with a child, perhaps inviting them to visit, take a walk together, go to the cinema or to any event in the city. And at this time, listen to the child, give life advice on why it is the right thing to do and not otherwise. From work experience we can confidently say that even short-term communication with a child has a positive effect on his condition. And often with their problems, for help and advice, children turn to this person, while living in a government institution. We would be very happy if there were people willing to become a friend, a mentor for a child left without parental care. So that an adult is no longer an abstract source of attention and goodwill, but a specific person with certain qualities (marital status, age, profession, etc.). The activity of a mentor is not that he himself solves all the problems of the student in the shortest possible time, but in motivating the child to change his lifestyle and behavior.

If among your work colleagues, relatives, neighbors, acquaintances there are people (persons) who agree to be a friend, mentor, good acquaintance for our children - call, write, come.

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State regional budgetary institution for orphans and children without parental care, “Kandalaksha Center for Assistance to Children without Parental Care, “Bereg”

Murmansk region, Kandalaksha, st. Pervomaiskaya, 8 A tel./fax: 8(81533) 9-30-24 E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.

Reception schedule for citizens: Monday from 9.00 am to 5.12 pm

Director - Potapova Evgenia Pavlovna t. 8 (81533) 9-30-24

Deputy Director for HR - Tatyana Viktorovna Klepikova t. 8(81533) 9-25-36; E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.

Deputy Director for ACh - Elesina Valentina Sergeevnatel/fax 8(81533) 9-46-01; E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You must have JavaScript enabled to view it.

Organizations, institutions, citizens - not indifferent and ready to help, to provide attention to our center or to a child personally, can contact the director of the institution at a convenient time for them

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Spectrum of disorders of will and emotions

Emotional volitional disorders include:

• hyperbulia;
• hypobulia;
• abulia;
• obsessive-compulsive disorder.

With a general increase in will, hyperbulia develops, which can affect all major drives.
This manifestation is considered characteristic of manic syndrome. So, for example, a person’s appetite will increase; if he is in a department, he will immediately eat the food that is brought to him. Both will and drive decrease with hypobulia. In this case, the person does not need communication; he is burdened by strangers who are nearby. He feels better alone. Such patients prefer to immerse themselves in their own world of suffering. They do not want to take care of their relatives.

When a decrease in will occurs, this indicates abulia. Such a disorder is considered persistent, and together with apathy it is composed of an apathetic-abulic syndrome, which, as a rule, manifests itself during the final state of schizophrenia.

With obsessive drive, the patient has desires that he is able to control. But when he begins to renounce his desires, this gives rise to serious anxiety in him. He is haunted by thoughts of a need that has not been satisfied. For example, if a person has a fear of pollution, he will try not to wash his hands as often as he would like, but this will make him painfully think about his own need. And when no one is looking at him, he will wash them thoroughly.

Stronger feelings include compulsive attraction. It is so strong that it is compared to instincts. The need becomes pathological. Her position is dominant, so the internal struggle stops very quickly and the person immediately satisfies his desire. This may be a grossly antisocial act that will result in punishment.

Volitional disorders

Will is the mental activity of the individual, which is aimed at a specific goal or overcoming obstacles. Without this, a person will not be able to realize his intentions or solve life problems. Volitional disorders include hypobulia and abulia. In the first case, volitional activity will be weakened, and in the second, it will be completely absent.

If a person experiences hyperbulia, which is combined with distractibility, then this may indicate a manic state or delusional disorder.

The desire for food and self-preservation are disrupted in the case of parabulia, that is, when a volitional act is perverted. The patient, refusing normal foods, begins to eat inedible foods. In some cases, pathological gluttony is observed. When the sense of self-preservation is impaired, the patient can cause serious injury to himself. This also includes sexual perversions, in particular masochism and exhibitionism.

Spectrum of volitional qualities

Emotional disorders

Emotions are different. They characterize people’s relationships to the world around them and to themselves. There are many emotional disorders, but some of them are considered an urgent reason to visit a specialist. Among them:

• depressed, melancholy mood, of a recurring, protracted nature;
• constant change of emotions, without serious reasons;
• uncontrollable emotional states, affects;
• chronic anxiety;
• stiffness, uncertainty, timidity;
• high emotional sensitivity;
• phobias.

Emotional disorders include the following pathological deviations:

1. Apathy is similar to emotional paralysis. The person is completely indifferent to everything around him. This is accompanied by inactivity.
2. Hypotymia , in which the mood decreases, and the person feels depressed, melancholy, hopeless, and therefore fixes his attention only on negative events.
3. Depression is characterized by a triad of hypothymia, slow thinking, and motor retardation . At the same time, the patient has a melancholic mood, he feels deep sadness, heaviness in his heart and whole body. Early in the morning the state of health worsens significantly. During this period, there is a high probability of suicide.
4. In the case of dysphoria , the mood is also low, but it has a tense and angry character. This deviation is short-term. As a rule, it occurs in people suffering from epilepsy.
5. Dysthymia is also not prolonged . It goes away in a relatively short period of time. This condition is characterized by a mood disorder. A person feels despondency, anxiety, anger.
6. The opposite of the above deviations is hyperthymia , in which a person is overly cheerful, he is happy and cheerful, energetic and overestimates his own capabilities.
7. A person in a state of euphoria is complacent and carefree, but at the same time is characterized by passivity. This often occurs in cases of organic brain disease.
8. During ecstasy , the patient plunges into himself, he experiences delight, extraordinary happiness. Sometimes this condition is associated with a visual hallucination of positive content.

In schizophrenia, drive disorders conditionally consist of two processes.

1. First of all, this is a decrease in drives (sexual desire, appetite, sleep) and loss of interest in satisfying them, or a decrease or complete absence of pleasure from their implementation.
2. Loss of control over their manifestation, as a result of which there is a disinhibition of drives, including:
   food (in the form of sloppiness in eating, gluttony, eating inedible or inedible);
3. sexual (in the form of increased frankness in conversations, including on intimate topics, loss of modesty, public masturbation, neglect of clothing) and so on.

Drive disorders also include loss of the instinct of self-preservation, complete indifference to one’s health, life, physical integrity, as well as indifference to the physical integrity and life of other people, which is manifested by the particularly mild, indifferent and cruel nature of the patient’s auto-aggressive and aggressive actions.

When a child is overly aggressive or withdrawn

Violations of the emotional-volitional sphere, which are most pronounced in children:

1. Aggressiveness . Almost every child can show aggression, but here it is worth paying attention to the degree of the reaction, its duration and the nature of the reasons.
2. Emotional disinhibition . In this case, there is an overly violent reaction to everything. Such children, if they cry, do so loudly and defiantly.
3. Anxiety . With such a violation, the child will be embarrassed to clearly express his emotions, he does not talk about his problems, and feels discomfort when attention is paid to him.

In addition, the disorder occurs with increased and decreased emotionality. In the first case, this concerns euphoria, depression, anxiety syndrome, dysphoria, and fears. When it is low, apathy develops.

Violation of the emotional-volitional sphere and behavioral disorder are observed in a hyperactive child who experiences motor restlessness, suffers from restlessness, and impulsivity. He can't concentrate.

Such failures can be quite dangerous, as they can lead to serious nervous diseases, which have recently become more common in children under 16 years of age. It is important to remember that psycho-emotional disruption can be corrected if it is detected at an early stage.

Aggression in children.

Let's talk about the most common sign of this disorder - aggression in a child, let's look at it in detail: The cause of aggression in children. Where does a child's aggression come from? Signs of aggression in children. How is aggression treated in children? Manifestations of aggression can be in the form of demonstrative disobedience to adults, physical aggression and verbal aggression. Also, his aggression can be directed at himself; he can hurt himself, but more often his peers. The child becomes disobedient and with great difficulty succumbs to the educational influences of adults. Aggression in a child is expressed in poor self-control and lack of awareness of one’s actions. Children's aggression can be controllable and uncontrollable. Uncontrolled aggressiveness is harmful, just like uncontrollable fear, uncontrollable delight and any other uncontrollable emotion. Aggression is not appropriate in relationships between relatives and friends at school, except for comic aggressiveness, when aggressiveness is a game, both parties are interested in such a game, perceive it only as a game and enjoy it, accordingly, there is no physical violence in it. A child may repel others with remarks expressing contempt or impatience, or insolence, but most often there is hard tactile contact. Increased aggressiveness in children is one of the most pressing problems not only for doctors, teachers and psychologists, but also for society as a whole. The main distinguishing feature of aggressive children is their attitude towards their peers. Aggression in children is perhaps the most important problem, since the number of children with such behavior is growing rapidly from year to year.

Signs of aggression in children

A child can feel his emotions, but he is not always able to recognize them and understand the reasons for his behavior. But as a rule, parents notice too late that something is happening to their child. Often, signs of aggression in children are the actions they perform:

• They are hysterical, often for show.
• They don't admit their mistakes.
• They pinch.
• They are angry.
• They call names.
• They take away the toys. .
• They refuse to carry out orders.
• They get angry (stomping their feet and banging their hands).
• Spit
• They use offensive words.
• They beat their peers
• They swing at others.
• They are taking revenge.

If in a family parents suppress the child in every possible way when raising a child, the child simply begins to hide his feelings. But as we can guess, they don’t go anywhere, but accumulate like a snow globe and in the near future an “explosion of emotions” occurs. An aggressive child is often driven by fear. Such a child is either afraid to be left alone, he thinks that no one can love him, no one will invite him for a walk, etc. All children want to be interested in them, to be invited to any events, to be spoken with kind words. The same is desired by a child who simply does not yet understand that aggression pushes people away from him even more. Accordingly, if parents do not reach out to a child who shows aggression and anger, then he may think about what else to do to make his parents love him again.

A modern view of correction

Hippotherapy is identified as one of the main methods of soft correction. It involves communication with horses. This procedure is suitable not only for children, but also for adults.

It can be used for the whole family, which will help unite it and improve trusting relationships. This treatment will allow you to say goodbye to a depressive mood, negative experiences, and reduce anxiety.

If we are talking about correcting disorders in a child, then a variety of psychological methods can be used for this. Among them it is worth highlighting:

• play therapy, which involves the use of games (this method is considered especially effective for preschoolers);
• body-oriented therapy, dance;
• fairytale therapy;
• art therapy, which is divided into two types: perception of finished material or independent drawing;
• music therapy, in which music is used in any form.

It is better to try to prevent any disease or deviation. To prevent emotional and volitional disorders, you should listen to these simple tips:

• if an adult or child is emotionally traumatized, then those nearby should be calm and show their goodwill;
• people need to share their experiences and feelings as often as possible;
• need to do physical labor or draw;
• monitor your daily routine;
• try to avoid stressful situations and excessive worry.

It is important to understand that a lot depends on those who are nearby. You don’t need to share your experiences with everyone around you, but you need to have someone who will help in a difficult situation, support and listen. In turn, parents must show patience, care and boundless love. This will preserve the baby’s mental health.

Symptoms of epileptoid personality disorder

If we talk about the classification of emotionally unstable personality disorder, ICD-10 divides it into two subtypes:

1. Impulsive.
2. Borderline.

Emotionally unstable personality disorder of the impulsive type is characterized by severe emotional lability (frequent change of mood for no reason), a tendency to impulsive actions and aggressive outbursts with an inability to restrain itself. People with this disorder have a hard time withstanding criticism and reproach.

Epileptoids are characterized by jealousy, suspicion, a tendency to manipulate, irritability and outbursts of anger.

Emotionally unstable borderline personality disorder is less characterized by aggressive behavior towards others, but such people are prone to self-harm, even suicidal behavior. Read more about borderline disorder.

According to ICD-10, the disorder is characterized by general features of a personality disorder and specific features. The general criteria are as follows:

• begins to manifest itself in childhood and adolescence, persists into adulthood;
• it is difficult to identify clear phases of recovery/exacerbation;
• character traits prevent you from communicating with loved ones and strangers, and prevent you from developing professionally;
• a person is often self-centered, incapable of empathy (sympathy for other people), and constantly strives for pleasure.

Specific symptoms of the impulsive (explosive) type of emotionally unstable personality disorder:

1. Impulsivity in thoughts and actions.
2. Low ability to self-control.
3. Outbursts of anger.
4. Tendency to cruel and antisocial behavior.
5. Intolerance of blame and criticism.

To diagnose the impulsive type of emotionally unstable personality disorder, the psychotherapist talks in detail with the client.

Differential diagnosis is carried out with other personality disorders (borderline, hysterical), as well as with epilepsy. For this purpose, a pathopsychological study is used (performed by a clinical psychologist), EEG, and Neurotest.

An integrated approach to diagnosis is necessary so that the doctor can prescribe the most effective treatment for a given person.