Pineal gland: structure, functions and diseases of the pineal gland

The pineal gland or body (pineal gland, pineal gland) is one of the most mysterious areas of the brain. The glands of the brain, even at the present stage of medical development, have not yet been sufficiently studied. The least studied of them is the pineal gland. Supporters of mystical teachings consider it to be the seat of the soul, a portal connecting us with divine consciousness. We will talk about the structure, functions of the pineal gland, and its effect on the body.

The name of this gland is due to the fact that it visually closely resembles a small lump. The structure of the pineal gland has a complex multi-level structure. It is located between the lobes of the brain and is part of the diffuse endocrine system.

The term “epiphysis” in medicine also usually refers to the ends of tubular bones. These are the so-called sections of the “proximal epiphysis”. To avoid confusion, the pineal gland is also called the “epiphysis of the brain.”

Bone epiphyses are present on the articular surfaces of the limbs. Such proximal epiphyses are filled inside with red bone marrow, which is actively involved in hematopoiesis and the accumulation of red blood cells. Their lack leads to serious pathological conditions.

Story

The pineal gland of the brain is little studied even now, although ancient healers were interested in it. For a long time they could not understand what she could be responsible for. All sorts of functions and mystical capabilities were attributed to her. It was believed that she connects the head with the etheric body through an invisible thread.

Many treatises mention that the pineal gland can reproduce images from past lives and also helps transmit thoughts over long distances. The connection of this part of the brain with paranormal phenomena is absolutely unproven and raises many skeptical questions. The amount of truth in stories about such properties of the pineal gland is minimal.

Scientists of the 17th century believed that under the influence of “blood vapor” human emotions arose in this gland. By the way, Descartes called it the seat of the soul. He also believed that it is characteristic only of the human brain. In Russian treatises this gland was called nothing more than “spiritual”.

In the twentieth century, doctors went to the other extreme. They practically forgot about the pineal gland and called it a vestige. It was thought to be a useless appendage in the brain. Some researchers believed that this gland is needed only until the moment of birth, and then a global restructuring of brain functions occurs, and it stops working.

Because of such misconceptions, the pineal gland was not studied for a long time. It was only in 1958 that scientists suddenly discovered that it produces melatonin. This prompted them to resume their study. It was found that in ancient times this gland was the “occipital eye”, and with evolution it shifted and ended up in the center of the brain.

In adults, deposits of inorganic sand, which consists of calcium salts, can be found in the pineal gland.

Structure

The size of the pineal gland is quite modest. Its length is no more than a centimeter. Its shape is very similar to an ellipse. Its location is between the hemispheres of the brain, where it is attached to the visual thalamus and becomes an intermediate link between them.

The pineal gland is composed of dark neuroglial cells and light parenchymal cells. They form small, clearly defined lobules. They are covered by a soft shell, which provides excellent blood supply to the organ. In addition to blood vessels, the gland tissue also forms sympathetic nerve fibers.

Development and structure of the pineal gland

It is known that the formation and development of the pineal gland begins in the second month of the human embryonic period. First, in the upper part of the brain, immediately behind the plexus of blood vessels, a slight bulge of the muscle wall appears - a diverticulum. The process then proceeds as follows:

Over time, the walls thicken, and from the resulting membrane the anterior lobe develops, and only then the posterior lobe.
Then, vessels appear and develop between the formed lobes, which contributes to the fusion of the lobes into one whole.
Dimensions of the formed gland: length – less than 12 mm; width – less than 8 mm; thickness – less than 4 mm.
Only by the age of 10 are the size and weight of the pineal gland finally formed.
In middle-aged people, the pineal gland has the shape of a small oval.

The pineal gland in older people closely resembles a pine cone and is red or brown in color. It is covered with tubercles - deposits of “brain sand”. The gland is connected to the branches of the cerebral arteries, from where it receives intensive blood supply. Moreover, the highest functionality of blood vessels is at night.

The pineal gland is covered with a dense vascular membrane (capsule) with detachable vertical layers that divide the gland into lobules, penetrating its tissue.

Functions

The main function is braking. The pineal gland produces hormones that inhibit the functioning of the gonads and reduce the amount of secretion they secrete. It also slows down the functioning of the thyroid gland and takes part in the metabolism of minerals.

To ensure its functions, the pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin, as well as serotonin and adrenoglomerulotropin.

It is curious that the process of serotonin production is activated during the day, under the influence of sunlight, but melatonin is produced during sleep, around midnight. Despite the tiny size of the pineal gland, it produces enough hormones that are so important for the proper functioning of the body.

Melatonin is produced in varying amounts throughout the day. The hormone is most actively produced at midnight. This affects the change in a person’s body weight throughout the day, as well as the functioning of his organs. The pineal gland is activated at night. If a person sleeps little, goes to bed late, or even works in the dark, the consequence may be a failure in the production of these hormones. Working at night can cause serious problems with the pineal gland. The entire body will suffer from this, in particular the immune system, genitourinary system, brain, etc.

If a tumor appears on the pineal gland, the child goes through puberty much faster than usual. It is precisely because of this sign that parents may suspect that the baby is experiencing malfunctions of the pineal gland. The causes of disorders are tumors of the pineal gland, cysts, etc. In order to have objective information, you need to contact an endocrinologist at the first signs of the disease. For a long time, symptoms may be hidden.

Pituitary and pineal gland

In the previous article, we discussed the hypothalamus and pituitary gland, which are closely related to each other. The hypothalamus secretes liberins and statins, which regulate the activity of the pituitary gland. Now we will take a closer look at the structure of the pituitary gland and the hormones it secretes.

Pituitary

The pituitary gland (lower cerebral appendage, pituitary gland) is an endocrine gland located at the base of the skull. Consists of three lobes: anterior, intermediate (middle) and posterior. The pituitary gland is called the “conductor” of the endocrine glands, since its hormones influence their work.

In the anterior part of the pituitary gland (adenohypophysis), tropic hormones (from the Greek tropos - direction) are produced and released into the blood:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - stimulates the release of hormones by the thyroid gland (lat. glandula thyroidea - thyroid gland)
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) - stimulates the adrenal cortex (from Lat. adrenalis - adrenal and Lat. cortex - bark)
Gonadotropic (GTG) - affects the secretion of sex hormones by the gonads and the maturation of eggs/sperm in the gonads (lat. gonas - sex gland)
Somatotropic (GH) - growth hormone, affects the growth and development of all cells of the body (Greek soma - body)
Prolactin - stimulates the development of the mammary glands and the formation of milk in them in nursing mothers

Let's pay special attention to growth hormone - growth hormone. Violation of its secretion leads to serious diseases, as it affects the growth and development of the body. The secretion of GH can be increased, in this case they speak of hyperfunction of the adenohypophysis (Greek hyper - above), or decreased, in this case they speak of hypofunction of the adenohypophysis (Greek hypo - below). In childhood and adulthood, the consequences of hypo- and hyperfunction differ.

With hyperfunction of the adenohypophysis (high growth hormone) in childhood, excessive bone growth occurs and gigantism develops, while body proportions are preserved. With gigantism, a person's height can reach 2 meters or more. With this pathology, the gonads and joints are most prone to diseases, and the psyche is often disturbed.

In adulthood, hyperfunction of the adenohypophysis is not accompanied by an increase in growth, since the growth of most of the bones is complete. However, those bones that have a cartilaginous layer begin to grow excessively: the phalanges of the fingers, the lower jaw. The lips and nose thicken, and the internal organs enlarge. This condition in adulthood is called acromegaly (Greek: akron - limb and megas - large).

With hypofunction of the adenohypophysis (reduced secretion of growth hormone), dwarfism develops in childhood - growth retardation. With dwarfism, the body has the correct proportions, height is no more than 1 meter, and the psyche is normal. This condition can be corrected by a doctor by prescribing growth hormone in the form of a medicine in time (in childhood!).

With hypofunction of the adenohypophysis in adulthood, metabolic changes develop, which can lead to both exhaustion and obesity.

The intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes melanotropic (melanocyte-stimulating hormone). You already know that melanocytes are located in the basal layer of the epidermis; their pigment, melanin, gives the skin a dark color. Melanotropic hormone stimulates the activity of melanocytes: they synthesize melanin, skin pigmentation increases.

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland - the neurohypophysis - does not synthesize (!), but only releases two hormones into the blood: vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone - ADH) and oxytocin. These hormones are synthesized by neurons of the hypothalamus and descend along the processes of neurons into the neurohypophysis, where they enter the blood.

Vasopressin increases the reabsorption (absorption) of water in the nephron tubules, thereby reducing its excretion in the urine. If the secretion of ADH is impaired, the volume of urine can increase to 20 liters per day! This condition is called diabetes insipidus because, like diabetes, it is characterized by increased diuresis (volume of urine) and extreme thirst.

Oxytocin plays an important role during childbirth - it stimulates uterine contractions, promoting the movement of the fetus along the birth canal. In nursing mothers, oxytocin promotes lactation (milk secretion) in the mammary glands during feeding.

Pineal gland

The epiphysis (pineal body) is an endocrine gland of internal secretion, anatomically related to the diencephalon. Depending on the light intensity, pineal gland neurons synthesize and secrete the hormone melatonin, which is involved in the regulation of the body’s circadian and seasonal rhythms. Light inhibits the production of melatonin.

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Physiology, effect on the body

The influence of the pineal gland is currently poorly studied. It is very small and located in a rather inconvenient area of the brain for research.

It is known that melatonin provides daily rhythms of the body's activity.

Endocrine functions are as follows:

slows down the aging of the immune system;
normalizes the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats;
inhibits the activity of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland at night.

Melatonin has a very good effect on brain activity, vision and other systems:

protects against cataracts;
prevents pathologies of the cardiovascular system;
protects against headaches;
prevents pathologies of the central nervous system;
protects against tumors;
regulates wakefulness and sleep;
reduces cholesterol levels;
strengthens the immune system;
tones blood vessels, normalizes blood pressure;
reduces blood sugar;
protects against depression.

Melatonin is very important for teenagers. It improves memory, therefore promoting quality learning.

The role of the pineal gland in the body

Despite numerous studies, the significance of the pineal gland is still not 100% understood.

Recent studies of the pineal gland have shown that the gland is controlled by the light regime: in the morning activity decreases to a minimum, and by night it intensifies. Once on the retina of the eye, “light information” is transmitted directly to the pineal gland.

Possessing a colossal spectrum of biological activity, the pineal gland plays an important role in the human body, participating in the following processes:

Regulation of seasonal and circadian rhythms, which last from 20 to 28 hours and are synchronous with the rotation of the Earth, the change of day and night.
Adaptability to climate change.
Reproductive qualities.
Slowing down aging (antioxidant effects).
Prevention of cancer.

Based on the above, one can understand due to what features the pineal gland is classified as the biological clock of the body and assigns it a key role in the fight to prolong youth and maintain human health.

In modern conditions of scientific development, most scientists consider the pineal gland as a valuable gland of the endocrine system, responsible for proper sleep, stress resistance and other equally important areas.

In humans, the pineal gland is directly responsible for disruptions in the body’s circadian rhythm, which occur with sudden changes in time zones (for example, during air travel), with decreased production of the hormone melatonin, with diabetes, mental disorders, insomnia, stress and cancer pathologies.

In addition, there is an opinion that it is the pineal gland that is the “third eye”, which allows you to see what is “hidden from external organs of vision.” This, of course, is in the realm of fantasy and popular speculation, and is in no way confirmed by academic science. One way or another, this gland performs very important functions in the human body, which have yet to be fully explored in the future.

Possible pathologies

For various reasons, disturbances in the functioning of the pineal gland can develop. Pathogenic factors can be both external and internal:

External: injuries, poisoning, smoking, alcoholism, infections, parasites, toxins in the body, cyst in the pineal gland.
Internal: decreased function of the gland (hypofunction), increased function (hyperfunction).

Other endogenous disorders may also occur that lead to the development of pathology of the pineal gland:

poor blood circulation;
blood clots;
bleeding;
atherosclerosis;
anemia;
spasm of cerebral vessels;
inflammation;
neoplasms;
cerebral edema;
metabolic disease;
age-related changes.

Hypofunction of the gland is not so common. This may be a symptom of an emerging connective tissue tumor. It compresses the secretory cells, causing significantly less secretion to be produced.

With hypofunction of the pineal gland, early sexual development of the child can be observed, which is sometimes combined with dementia.

Hyperfunction can be caused by pinealoma - a tumor of secretory cells. Because of this, much more secretion is produced than necessary. Hyperfunction can also be provoked by hemorrhage into the body of the pineal gland, colonization by parasites (echinococcal cyst, the structure of which contains parasites).

With hyperfunction, the child may experience growth retardation and development of the reproductive system.

The inflammatory process in the pineal gland is always secondary. For proper treatment, it is important to determine the root cause. Inflammation can cause brain abscess, sepsis or meningitis. In this case, not only the brain suffers, but also the body. There is a transformation of the genitourinary system, bones, etc.

Diagnostics

To correctly diagnose diseases of the pineal gland, as well as possible neoplasms, X-ray, MRI, and CT examinations are used. It is hardware diagnostics that is now preferred for studying the pineal gland.

In extreme cases, a biopsy may be used to make a definitive diagnosis.

The doctor should prescribe treatment based on the results of hardware diagnostics. They are supplemented by anamnesis data, and the patient’s complaints are taken into account.

In the absence of pathological processes, the normal pineal gland should be located in the midline. If there is a hematoma, tumor, or abscess, the epiphysis will shift away from the midline, and this side will be opposite to the one in which the focus of the disease is located.

Pineal gland hormones

The pineal gland provides the secretion of a number of vital substances - hormones and neuropeptides.

The main and unique hormone that the pineal gland produces is the sleep hormone melatonin (the pineal gland is the only place in the body that can “produce” melatonin). The gland is also capable of producing the happiness hormone serotonin (at night, part of the serotonin is converted into melatonin). The sleep hormone, in turn, can be converted into the hormone adrenoglomerulotropin.

Peptide hormones of the pineal gland are:

a hormone that regulates calcium metabolism;
vasotocin;
regulatory peptides (lyuliberin, thyrotropin, etc.).

The happiness hormone serotonin is synthesized mainly in the intestines; the pineal gland provides only 5-10% of the total serotonin volume. Serotonin gives a good mood, sharpens the mind, improves memory, increases sexual desire, regulates the monthly cycle, fights winter depression, gives deep, restful sleep, and also serves as a source of melatonin.

The functions of melatonin in the body are very diverse:

regulates sleep;
calms the nerves;
reduces blood sugar and dangerous cholesterol levels;
reduces blood pressure;
has an immunostimulating effect, etc.

The product of melatonin activity, adrenoglomerulotropin, stimulates the synthesis of aldosterone, which is responsible for regulating the levels of potassium and sodium in the body.

Peptide hormones are mainly responsible for the regulation of physiological processes. Vasotocin controls vascular tone and inhibits the synthesis of FSH and LH. Luliberin (gonadoliberin), on the contrary, stimulates the production of LH, thyrotropin controls the functioning of the thyroid gland.

Hormones and neuropeptides of the pineal gland affect the activity of almost all body systems

, so any disorders of the pineal gland appear almost instantly. Impaired synthesis of melatonin leads to depression, mental disorders and even cancer; tumors can provoke premature puberty and sexual disorders.

Epiphysis, or pineal body (pineal gland). This is the medical name for a section of the human diencephalon, shaped like a pine cone. The pineal body is located in the region of the midbrain and has a grayish-red color (Fig. 1). Being very small in size (8–15 mm in length), it is also divided into small lobules by trabeculae (septa). The pineal gland reaches its final size at the age of 10 years.

Clinical picture of violations

With pathologies of the pineal gland, significant symptoms will not be observed. Only constant headaches can warn of possible problems. If they often bother you, it makes sense to get diagnosed by a neurologist.

Symptoms of malfunction of the pineal gland are as follows:

begins to see double (diplopia);
constant headache;
often feel dizzy;
there are problems with coordination;
there is unusual drowsiness;
ataxia appears (involuntary movements of the limbs);
paralysis;
the psyche may change;
tearfulness appears.

Prevention of diseases associated with the pineal gland

Despite the fact that scientists have relatively begun to study the pineal gland and what exactly it is, there are a number of preventive recommendations designed to reduce the risk of developing pathologies of this organ.

In order for the state of the brain to remain stable throughout life, it is necessary to avoid hard gamma radiation to the brain, cervical and thoracic regions.
It is necessary to monitor the condition of your blood vessels and heart. Avoid the accumulation of cholesterol and the formation of blood clots. To do this, you need to adjust your diet so that it does not contain fatty foods. There is a table of the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in each type of product; when calculating the diet, you must rely on it. Seafood products rich in iodine are a must. Also for cardiovascular health, exercise regularly.
Healthy sleep is responsible for the proper functioning of the pineal gland, so a sleep schedule must be observed. The norm of sleep is defined as 7-8 hours a day and at night, since some substances in the body are produced only in the dark.
To ensure that a person does not have congenital pathologies of the pineal gland, as well as the pituitary gland and hypothalamus, during pregnancy his mother must monitor her condition and regularly visit the doctor responsible for the progress of her pregnancy.
In order to be able to catch a developing pathology in its initial stage, it is necessary to undergo regular medical examinations. Tumors in the brain grow slowly, so get a brain scan once a year and everything will be fine.

In order for the hormonal picture in the body to correspond to normal levels, it is necessary to give up alcohol and cigarettes. The disorders and pathologies caused in people by these habits are as diverse as they are deadly.

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Cyst

Epiphysis cyst of the brain is a very common pathology. A pineal cyst is a benign neoplasm. Scientists have not yet precisely figured out the cause of its occurrence. A cyst in the pineal region is most often small in size; the appearance of such a microcyst is asymptomatic. Such a tumor is found by chance during an MRI. In this case, its size and location can be easily determined.

A tumor of the pineal gland with a diameter of more than 5 mm is rare and can cause serious problems. It is accompanied by a number of symptoms.

Doctors believe that there are the following reasons for the appearance of a cyst:

The excretory duct is blocked. Because of this, melatonin does not flow out, it accumulates.
The parasitic disease echinococcosis develops. It causes the formation of cysts filled with parasites.

It is possible that there are other reasons. They have so far been little studied, since the appearance of a cystic growth most often occurs without symptoms.

Even such a modern hardware method as MRI cannot always tell you exactly how a cyst develops. It is often supplemented with other studies, such as a biopsy. It is the biopsy that helps to obtain comprehensive information about the nature of the tumor and the cells that make it up.

The purpose of the biopsy is to determine whether there are cancer cells in the tumor. It also helps to find out what the nature of education is and how it develops.

It is extremely important to differentiate benign neoplasms from possible cancerous brain tumors.

The appearance of a cyst can be accompanied by symptoms that are characteristic of many other diseases (double vision, headache, impaired gait, coordination, a person sways in different directions, nausea, vomiting).

If a cyst in the pineal gland of the brain compresses the duct, hydrocephalus may develop (the outflow of fluid from the brain is impaired).

The severity of cystic symptoms directly depends on the size to which the cyst or other neoplasm has grown. If the dimensions are critical, it can completely block the outflow of fluid. This is fraught with serious disorders of brain activity. A person may develop depression, dementia, delirium, and epilepsy.

As the cyst grows, the symptoms also increase, and the condition worsens sharply. As practice has shown, this rarely happens. Cysts in this area usually grow slowly.

When a cyst develops, surgical treatment is not always indicated. If it is small and weakly growing, the patient is recommended conservative treatment and regular monitoring.

Treatment

You need to be treated under the supervision of an endocrinologist. According to the ICD (international classification of diseases), serious pathologies of the pineal gland are relatively rare. Most often, it is not treatment of the gland that is required, but correction of the daily routine, nutrition, and lifestyle.

Therapeutic tactics will depend on the specific reason that caused the changes. Therapy is mainly aimed at eliminating emerging symptoms and compression. Melaxen may be prescribed among medications.

Most often, the use of medications eliminates only part of the symptoms, but does not in any way affect the disease itself. Medicines are effective in the early stages of development of hydatid cysts. If there is no obvious improvement, the signs have not gone away, critical growth or a pronounced deviation of the gland to the side is observed, it will be necessary to resort to surgery. During this procedure, craniotomy is performed and the tumor is removed.

Surgical therapy should be treated as the only way to restore health and a high quality of life. Despite all the risks, such intervention is justified. The cyst or tumor must be removed, so the help of a neurosurgeon will be required. If the operation is successful, the prognosis is optimistic - negative symptoms will no longer appear, and the body will fully recover.

Direct indications for surgery:

obvious symptoms that seriously harm health;
the tumor affects other areas of the brain;
there is a risk that hydrocephalus will develop;
the cardiovascular system suffers;

There must be very good reasons for carrying out the operation. Surgical removal is indicated when the formation has become dangerous, is growing rapidly, or hyperfunction of the gland is observed. It can activate serious hormonal imbalances, leading to problems with internal organs and dystonia. Women with a malfunction of the pineal gland may have problems conceiving and bearing a child. To accurately establish the diagnosis, in addition to MRI, CT, ultrasound, a blood test may be prescribed.

If there is no severe pathology, infection, or the disease does not progress, sometimes it is enough to establish the process of melatonin production so that the body returns to normal and life brings pleasure again.

The therapeutic effect is provided not only by medications, but also by proper planning of the regimen.

It is important for such patients to strictly adhere to the daily routine, live according to a schedule, get enough sleep, and completely turn off the lights at night. They are strictly contraindicated from working in the dark. You should also avoid stress and outbursts of emotions, even positive ones. It is useful to engage in debate and walk in the fresh air.

If you have pathologies of the pineal gland, you should not waste time on folk remedies. They are ineffective. It is important for the patient to be under the supervision of an endocrinologist from the early stages of the disease, since the functions of the thyroid gland may suffer.

The pineal gland has been little studied, because its activities are surrounded by myths and an aura of mystery. Mystics believe that the soul lives in it, and esotericists call it nothing more than the “third eye.” It is believed that it has an impact on the spiritual sphere and carries an astral code. There is an opinion that by developing it, one can achieve extrasensory abilities. For these purposes, it is even recommended to stimulate the pineal gland with music, light, and take lessons to master esoteric techniques.

Pineal body: diseases and treatment methods

The modern way of life is far from the regime established by nature: we often work at night, sleeping during the day. This schedule helps reduce the level of melatonin production by the human pineal gland, which can trigger the development of pineal gland diseases. According to some experts, the pineal gland, when its functionality is impaired, causes diseases such as obesity, diabetes mellitus (type 2), hypertension, as well as insomnia and depression.

A decrease in the activity of the pineal gland is associated with several reasons:

brain diseases:
parasitic processes;
hemorrhages;
violations of body functions;
congenital malformations.

Parasitic processes often arise due to echinococcosis (helminthiasis leading to the formation of parasitic cysts in organs and tissues), which is usually found in residents of livestock-raising regions. Diagnosis is carried out by an infectious disease specialist. The only treatment is surgery.

The cause of hemorrhage in the pineal gland can be congenital anatomical features, but most often it is associated with atherosclerosis. Diagnosis is carried out using brain tomography. Neurologists and other specialists will provide assistance in this case.

In case of functional impairment, the patient is asked to follow a daily routine and consult a specialist for the treatment of concomitant diseases. First of all, you need long sleep (at night) and a balanced diet.

Congenital malformations of the pineal gland are quite rare. Hypoplasia of the pineal gland (underdevelopment) can cause complaints in children or adults or be completely asymptomatic.