Marginal behavior - what is it? Features of marginal behavior

Surely you are familiar with the concept of marginal behavior. Real life examples that illustrate it are numerous. In this article we will try to highlight what these examples have in common. It presents characteristics of marginal behavior. You will learn what it is, what it relates to, what its types and features are. The term "marginalized" has become quite common, if not fashionable, in recent years. After the breakdown of the state system and the transition of our country to market relations, this word became entrenched in the vocabulary of Russian residents along with “golden youth”, “oligarch”, “skinheads”, etc.

Boundaries of the term “marginality”

It is not easy to define what constitutes marginal behavior. In our country, many scientific works have appeared that are devoted to this issue. Unfortunately, it should be noted that different authors of these works do not always mean the same thing by “marginal”. For example, today even jurisprudence has become marginal, just like law. In other words, this concept relates not only to personality.

In addition, the phenomenon of marginality is seen today not only as negative, with which it is associated with the majority. It is sometimes assessed as evidence of the support of advanced ideas by the bearer of this quality. In this context, marginal behavior is something that can be evaluated positively.

Who can be classified as a marginalized population?

Marginal means non-standard. Representatives of sexual or national minorities are also sometimes called marginalized.

And yet, all these definitions are very vague and do not provide any specifics. Then how to determine whether a person belongs to the marginalized or not?

It turns out that a marginal lifestyle can be led by both an individual and a whole group of people. In the case of a whole group of people, an entire marginal environment arises within an already formed society (such as religious sects, national diasporas and ethnic minorities).

One of the striking examples of the marginalized in our country are emigrants from Central Asia (former republics of the Soviet Union). Families in which a man is forced to work, improve his language skills and interact with a new society, the children of this family go to local schools, where they socialize, interact with people of a different culture and learn a different language. And the mother of this family, for example, may not even know the Russian language and may not interact in any way with the local population, but this will not prevent her from living in a completely different, unfamiliar society, walking the streets and shopping in stores. It turns out that the mother of the family is already cut off from her society, but has not yet been socialized in the new society.

From here we can conclude that a person can become marginalized both voluntarily (a striking example of which are representatives of countercultures, a number of youth subcultures or individuals with a different perception of the world from the generally accepted one), or as a result of political, economic or other circumstances that we are more Let's look at it in detail below.

Non-judgmental concept

By and large, this concept is non-evaluative. For example, I.V. Malyshev points out that marginal behavior is “neither good nor bad.” He also notes that the concept of “marginal” does not have a permanent detonation. What dominates today will be on the margins of the structure tomorrow. Indeed, someone who recently was a “black sheep” often becomes a role model. He transforms from a fringe into a representative of the ruling class. This was the case, for example, with the “new Russians” – aspiring businessmen in Russia.

E. Starikov formulated a rather original approach to understanding marginality. This researcher noted that marginal behavior is behavior that is neutral in relation to evaluations (positive or negative), but at the same time has a multi-vector nature. Marginality is the process of reassembling the mosaic of society, when large masses of people move from one social group to another. The researcher noted that this disease is evidence of the growth of a social organism.

Is marginality good or bad?

The term marginal is sociological, denoting only the intermediateness between different groups of society. Therefore, it would not be entirely correct to consider this term negative.

Throughout the history of mankind, there have been people who have been excluded from society. Of all the well-known ones, we can highlight such writers as Sakharov and Tolstoy or Stepan Razin and Emelyan Pugacheve. And the most striking example of marginality, perhaps, will be Jesus Christ (half God, half man in Christian culture). From the moment of his birth, starting from the non-standard place of birth (in a stable) and throughout his entire life, Jesus lives, as it were, in his own world and does not at all try to “merge” into the society in which he finds himself. On the contrary, by preaching, he seems to be contributing to the destruction of the society into which he came. And at the same time, he became known and revered not only in Christian culture, but also in Islam (Prophet Isa), as well as in secular culture.

And Leo Tolstoy, for example, liked life in the village and he denied most of the privileges of the noble class. He created revolutionary publications on paper. And despite the fact that Tolstoy interpreted Christian concepts in the same way, the Orthodox Church expelled him.

Nevertheless, it is not always that a marginal person is ready to come to terms with his uncertain status and makes every effort to become part of the new society. By the way, based on the observations of sociologists, it was noticed that it is in connection with this factor that some emigrants or visitors achieve great heights in business and science.

But like any life situation, we can consider the concept of “marginal”, both from a positive and negative side.

The positive ones include:

1. Individuality. These people differ from society and, in their internal concepts and beliefs, go beyond the herd instinct. Often such people become famous scientists or artists.
2. A non-standard view of familiar things also helps them in creating something new, for example, a new business, the idea of ​​which no one else has thought of.
3. Marginalized people are very flexible, which helps them achieve their goals and easily move to another city or country for work, for example.

On the negative side, perhaps:

1. It is often difficult for a marginalized person to satisfy his basic needs on his own.
2. In many cases, marginality arises due to unfavorable living conditions, revolutions or wars in the country.
3. The majority eventually develops a craving for illegal activities, and then the marginalized become dangerous to society.

Interdisciplinary approach

So, it can be stated that there are still a number of difficulties in determining the content of such a concept as marginal behavior. In particular, various disciplinary approaches have emerged in the use of the term (in social psychology, sociology, political science, cultural studies and economics). This gives a fairly general character to the concept itself, which becomes interdisciplinary. In addition, in the process of development and clarification of this term, several meanings were established that relate to different types of marginality.

Reasons for marginality

The process of marginalization can be forced and deliberate. A person is able, in a certain form, to stop connecting himself with the cultural and social environment, to break spiritual, social and economic ties.

The main reasons for marginality include:

• forced relocation, loss of normal environment, difficulties in getting used to other conditions, environment, new language, culture;
• loss of property, property, source of income;
• change in the political regime in the country;
• the formation of a new way of life, other habits, changing the existing worldview;
• choosing a new religion;
• loss of ability to work, disability.

Origin and interpretation of the term "marginal"

This word comes from a French term, translated meaning “in the margins, side.” As a rule, it means the following: insignificant, insignificant, intermediate, secondary. Another meaning of the term, more characteristic of the French language and used mainly in economics, is “almost unprofitable, economically close to the limit.”

But another interpretation is more interesting for us. The Brockhaus and Efron dictionary provides the following definition: marginalia are short notes written in the margins of early printed books or manuscripts. They aim to clarify certain parts of the text. Figuratively speaking, a marginalized person is a person who is on a certain edge, a threshold, and often the one who finds himself “overboard.”

Marginal and lumpen: differences

Quite often, the concept of lumpen and marginalized in modern society is equated with one meaning - people who are at the very bottom of society.
However, even based on the definitions: “Lumpen”, the meaning of the word translated from German means “rags,” cannot in any way be a person who simply looks at the world differently, as an outcast.

Let us consider in more detail in the table below how Lumpen differs from Marginal

:

Based on the data in the table, we can come to the conclusion that the lumpen and the marginalized have practically nothing in common.
The identification of concepts in society occurs only as a result of ignorance of the characteristics of social classes.

Everyone can be marginalized

In connection with the above, a logical question arises: how to determine this line, to understand whether this or that individual is “behind the door” or standing in front of it? What are the characteristics of marginal behavior?

The rules of the game established in society have some uncertainty, which can be significant at turning points. This leads to the fact that everyone, in fact, can be considered marginal if:

• a person’s social status is not defined;
• his tomorrow is not guaranteed;
• his psyche and health are unstable;
• random turns of fate are allowed;
• any character trait, specific appearance, hobby or profession compared to the rest constitutes a clear minority and can be regarded as a deviation from the norm, which, in turn, is a reason for repression.

In the world, it goes without saying, there are no absolutely healthy people, normal in all respects, prosperous, corresponding to certain abstract ideas of classical philosophy about man. However, this approach will not give us anything in defining the marginal. A. Green argued that a marginal person is a comprehensive term. Including everything, this concept does not exclude anything. Therefore, this term should be used carefully and only after defining its parameters.

Marginality in the modern world

The concept of “marginal” from the very beginning had a negative context, but in the modern world it can also have a positive connotation. Now it is even considered prestigious to stand out among others.

Marginalized people have higher social mobility than ordinary people. Moving to a more economically prosperous area, finding a job that brings more income, changing professions is not a problem for them;

In addition, the lack of similarity with other members of society helps such people create a certain business. The reason is that marginalized people often do not have permanent employment, which means they are open to new ideas and initiatives.

Marginal identity

According to A. A. Nikitin, it is characterized by the following two groups of properties: special legal and general social. The latter include a significant change or complete loss of the previous legal and social status, which is caused by factors external to the person. This also includes the interimity of legal and social status, the development of dual social adaptation, etc. Special legal properties are the absence, incorrectness or insufficiency of legal regulation of the position of persons belonging to the marginalized. In addition, this is the impossibility of fully realizing the rights and freedoms provided for in the legislation in relation to these persons. Their legal position is either uncertain or ambiguous.

The emergence of marginality is influenced by the following main factors:

• significant change or loss of former social and/or legal status, the forms of which can be different (loss or decrease in income, loss of work, housing or family, loss of ability to work and health, need to change place of stay/residence, etc.);
• external factors associated with a deep and dramatic transformation of the social structure in various spheres (national, cultural, political, economic, etc.);
• a significant change in the psychological state, which is characterized by a more complex process of self-identification of a given individual in society, a weak perception of traditions, loss of life interests, etc.

Examples of marginality

The most common example of marginality is migrants who came in search of a better life. They do not know the language of the country, belong to a different cultural environment, and cannot be fully included in the modern semantic space. One of the most numerous groups of such marginalized people are migrants from the former USSR. They come to get money, lead an unstable lifestyle, choose random work, which can be criminal.

In many cases, the term “marginality” has negative associations, since the lower social strata or even criminal groups are considered marginal. However, such a definition cannot be called correct. Successful people who do not belong to specific social groups can also be marginalized. An example is Leo Tolstoy, who rejected the established values ​​of his time.

In addition, refugees often become marginalized, and sometimes, for example, former military personnel who, after being discharged, have not yet had time to adapt to society. Often, after a break with a past life and lack of contact with a new one, a person is able to sink to the “bottom” of life.

Bio- and socio-marginals

Among the marginalized there are bio- and socio-marginal people. The first are people with disabilities due to health reasons. Socio-marginal people have moved away from their class or group due to certain circumstances independent or dependent on the individual. Their inclusion in your class or group is complicated by the fact that such people do not have socially useful connections.

According to D. M. Zaripova, the main forms of administratively and morally punishable types of marginal behavior are begging, vagrancy, as well as sedentary parasitism, which is currently subject only to moral condemnation. In addition, minors who are taken to the police department for offenses are socially marginalized. They also include people involved in prostitution, drug addicts, alcoholics, and forced migrants. Biomarginals are patients with infectious diseases after long-term treatment (that is, cured), patients with tuberculosis, various infectious and venereal diseases, leprosy, as well as HIV-infected people.

Factors of marginality

There are six main types of marginal personality:

1. Political marginalized are those who are forced to leave their country due to the failure to accept new policies in the country.
2. Children born in mixed marriages can be ethnically marginalized. Nowadays, this point is gradually losing its relevance due to the tolerance of society, but just a few years ago in America, children born to white emigrants or the indigenous population of African slaves were outcasts in society for a long time.
3. Religious marginalized people are those who could not identify themselves with any of the five major world religious faiths. If a person has created his own “church”, a religious movement, he is also considered a religious fringe.
4. Social marginals are usually people who have become victims of cataclysms and natural disasters, political upheavals and wars, as a result of which they lose their social status and are unable to adapt to the new conditions that society offers them.
5. The economic marginalized are usually people who are unemployed and below the poverty line. These are people who are able to work and provide themselves with everything they need, but at their own request or forcibly lose their jobs and, accordingly, the ability to provide for themselves. Instead of correcting and improving their situation, they rely on social benefits and the help of strangers (begging for alms). *Super-rich people are also in some cases considered marginalized, arguing that they are isolated from society.
6. Biological marginalized people are people with disabilities due to health conditions. This type includes disabled people, elderly people, people with Down syndrome, people infected with HIV, and so on.
7. The financial factor of marginality may be associated with the loss of a job, problems finding a new job, or loss of property, money, or having to spend a lot of money on treatment. Sociologists note an increase in economic marginalization during periods of economic crises.

"At-risk groups"

It has been repeatedly noted in the literature that marginal subgroups are more susceptible to criminalization (involvement in criminal activity) than others. These are the so-called “risk groups”. These include:

• unemployed or fictitiously employed;
• poor part of the population;
• representatives of the so-called “social bottom” (street children, tramps, homeless people, beggars, etc.);
• persons who have been in prison or returned from military service;
• internally displaced persons, refugees from “hot spots”, people migrating to the city from the countryside.

These categories exist in any society. In different countries, there is only a difference in the quantitative ratio of representatives of these groups and the “prosperous” part of society.

What is marginality?

Marginality (from the Latin word marginalis - located on the edge) is a term in sociology that denotes the intermediate position of a person between certain social groups.
This term appeared in the 1920s, arose thanks to the scientific works of sociologist R. Park from the USA. Marginal people were considered to be people who were outside the social and cultural context due to the loss of connection with the normal environment and society. In those days, they included villagers who came to the city, emigrants. Subsequently, the category of “marginality” acquired a broader meaning—asocial people who did not recognize social conditions and lived by their own rules began to be called marginal.

As a rule, marginalized individuals are highly susceptible to psychological crises, loneliness, fear about their future, and are subject to aggression from other people. Such people usually belong to certain social groups that are temporary and situational in nature.

Levels of marginality

A. A. Nikitin identifies the following 2 levels of marginality: public and personal. Based on whether members of certain groups cross the line of legitimacy, this researcher proposes dividing them into two marginal layers:

• social group or risk layer;
• asocial group or layer.

The first includes such categories of the population as immigrants, forced migrants, refugees who do not have the status of a forced migrant or refugee, the unemployed, the disabled and persons without registration. The second group includes neglected and homeless minors, prostitutes, homeless people, beggars, vagrants, former prisoners, drug or alcohol addicts, and substance abusers.

Characteristics of the marginalized

Regardless of the reason for moving from one group to another, the marginalized person finds himself in an intermediate status.
He begins to doubt his worth and importance. Avoids new contacts because he is afraid of being rejected and misunderstood. Assumes in advance that he will fail in any endeavor. Fear of humiliation and shyness coupled with the loss of previous connections lead to loneliness and isolation. A person becomes immersed in himself. The feeling of unfair treatment towards oneself intensifies, which leads to a negative perception of others and direct aggression.

Marginality can cause neurotic personality disorders and lead to deep depression. A person loses the meaning of existence and takes the path of self-destruction.

However, there is also a positive side to this phenomenon. By leaving his social group, an individual independently or forcedly leaves his comfort zone. This becomes an intense training of character and fortitude. As a result, a person opens a new area of ​​knowledge, combines information about two worlds, and acquires an independent, more rational view.

Limit of legality of behavior

Can we say that there is marginal legitimate behavior? The correct answer to this question is as follows. Marginal behavior is a phenomenon that is generally characterized by borderline behavior. It balances on the brink of illegal and legal. This means that marginal behavior includes both legal, but existing on the border with illegal, and illegal. The criterion for assigning a particular marginal group to one of the two layers identified above can be considered illegality (including asociality) and the legality of the behavior of its members. Criminologists are mainly interested in the second (asocial) layer, although people belonging to the first group (illegal migrants, for example) should not be overlooked, since the classification proposed above is conditional.

What is marginal legal behavior? It is based on the following motives: personal egoistic calculations, fear of responsibility, fear of condemnation from society, the state or others. Marginal lawful behavior (examples - alcoholism, vagrancy, etc.) is, as it were, on the verge of antisocial. It leads a person to crime. However, it can be characterized as marginal legal behavior. In this case, the following driving forces are “triggered” in the mental mechanism of a person’s impulses: fear of condemnation, threat of possible punishment, etc. They keep an individual from committing a crime.

Manifestations of marginal attitudes towards law

 The article examines the specifics of marginal manifestations of law, based on a study of the characteristics of this in modern society. In the process of analyzing the specifics of marginal manifestations of law, the author formulated the main problems and identified the main components of this important factor of legal culture. The author has carried out a fairly in-depth analysis of legal relations in the state, showing all the problems, complexities and features of the legal and social marginal attitude to law. Particular attention is paid to the logic of the development of marginal manifestations of law, based on the realized ideas about law and legality in modern conditions and the consequences of this. The article makes a general conclusion that the solution to the problems of marginal attitudes towards the right to be seen is only in increasing the legal culture and the correct formation of the legal consciousness of marginal groups, as well as the population as a whole.

Key words: law, marginality, attitude to law, citizen, state, legal relations, legal culture.

Most modern scientific theories identify law with the law and the will of the state. Today it is basic both for the theory of law and state, and for practical jurisprudence. According to L.V. Yun, “This direction firmly holds its position of an objectively instrumental nature and is used as a universal means for the successful and fairly effective regulation of social relations” [15].

At the same time, the rapid development of civilization makes its own adjustments to the relationship between the citizen and the law in terms of its understanding and implementation. As V.V. Lazarev notes: “...understanding the law is an unusually practical thing, not only from the point of view of the guideline for the behavior of every practical lawyer, but also in the grand scheme of things: should one fight for the law and legal behavior...” [5]. Meanwhile, the concepts of law and models of attitude towards it may be different, and this is natural both for science and for human society.

At the end of the 90s of the twentieth century, the term “marginal behavior” was introduced into legal science. Today it has acquired general legal significance, the study of the content of which in the current Russian reality is increasingly relevant.

The process of cognition of a particular issue requires a theoretical disclosure of the essence of the concepts contained in the question. In this case, it is necessary to expand on the concept of “marginal manifestation of law.”

Law is an integral system of rules and norms of behavior mandatory for society, defined formally, which regulates social relations and norms guaranteed by the state, which ultimately allows it to be one of the mechanisms for regulating social relations [3]. The marginal manifestation of law finds its beginnings in the social plane and ends in the purely legal plane.

The prominent sociologist E. Durkheim pointed out that ideal (metaphysical) law is embodied in norms-principles, norms-goals, such as, for example, the rule of law [2]. It already implies the dominance of lawful behavior in such a state structure. However, in addition to lawful behavior, there are also marginal manifestations of attitude towards the law.

The phenomenon of marginality means alienation, borderlineness, and inadaptability to the socionormative space [11].

Legal marginality is understood as a self-organizing system of factors of an objective (political, socio-economic, ideological, legislative, cultural, etc.) and subjective (personal-biopsychological, spiritual-moral, etc.) nature that determine each other, determining mutual alienation, deaxiological state of legal relations (in the broad sense) of the state and the individual [12].

Marginality denotes a special set of traits of consciousness and behavior of representatives of social subgroups who, due to certain circumstances, are unable to integrate into a large reference community, in relation to which they act as marginals [8].

Marginal behavior is behavior based primarily on fear. Although it is legal, it is on the verge of illegal [10].

A marginal attitude to law means such an arrangement of subjects of law to the content of the rules of conduct in which their further action will lead to a violation of the system of generally binding, formally defined and state-guaranteed rules of conduct. One of the elements of marginal manifestation of law is marginal behavior.

Marginal behavior is on the verge of antisocial behavior, leading to an offense, but does not become such due to the fact that in the mental mechanism of its behavioral impulses such driving forces as the threat of possible punishment, fear of condemnation and other inhibitory motives that keep a person from committing an offense are “triggered” [ 6].

For the Russian Federation in the 21st century, characteristic marginal manifestations of law, unfortunately, are very frequent and varied. Examples of this are the attitude of ordinary citizens towards traffic police officers when he stops them for violating the speed limit. Instead of admitting guilt, drivers do their best to hide the fact of the violation, despite the fact that it happened. And only the introduction of radars for measuring speed and cameras for video recording of violations made it possible to overcome these marginal manifestations of the law due to the presence of indisputable evidence. Finding a person in a marginal situation leads to certain consequences, which in a sociological sense can be expressed in legal terms. In the example above, these are: speeding, traffic rules, violator.

At the same time, a marginal manifestation of law, as domestic and world practice shows, it represents a legal problem to varying degrees characteristic of all states of the world. The nature of the consequences of this, in turn, depends to a large extent on the behavior of the individual who finds himself in a marginal situation. It is not at all necessary that a person who finds himself in a marginal situation is suppressed and destroyed by it.

Marginality of status can be a kind of catalyst for the active realization of a person’s abilities and activation of his internal resources. In this case, people “behave actively, demonstrating personal strategies for solving the situation” [7]. In the USA, for example, due to the availability of weapons, teenagers in schools resolve controversial situations by shooting teachers and classmates. By doing this they violated the law and showed their marginal manifestation of the law.

Marginal behavior can be, according to R. F. Stepanenko, excessively socially active if we are talking, for example, about legal idealism or legal fetishism. The logical and methodological foundations of positivist-legal legal constructions do not always take into account the features of pluralistic legal understanding, especially of an anthropogenic nature, which finds differences in the field of research into the motivation of lawful behavior of citizens [13].

It can be stated that marginal behavior is a type of lawful behavior based on the motives of fear of responsibility, personal egoistic calculations, fear of condemnation from others, the state, and society.

The solution to the problems of marginal manifestations of the right to see each other only lies in improving the legal culture and the correct formation of the legal consciousness of marginal groups, as well as the population as a whole.

Recognition of many types of marginal behavior as completely legitimate “tears off” the law itself as a legal phenomenon. From its legal essence, narrowing to “the product of the will of the law-making power” [14]. In these cases, acting as the original primary source of law, such a law is unlikely to contribute to the enrichment of the axiological content of both the law itself and its moral and socially significant justifications in regulatory legal acts.

Successful and effective solution of social, economic and political problems of the present time becomes impossible without the process of preparation for direct active participation and implementation of the provisions of legal norms in everyday life. This is not possible without instilling in every member of society a deep respect for the law and justice, which ultimately helps to increase the level of legal awareness of the individual [1].

The main prerequisites for the formation of legally significant behavior of an individual is precisely the level of his legal awareness, this is a necessary condition for the successful implementation of legal reform and the subsequent formation of the rule of law and civil society [9].

In this regard, legal consciousness can be characterized as the spiritual principle of law, its driving motivational force, which, influencing legal behavior and social relations, leads the individual to the development of legal activity.

Modern Russian legal consciousness is in a state of some kind of crisis, in order to overcome it, it is necessary to take certain measures of influence aimed at forming the legal culture of the individual in society and increasing the level of legal consciousness. It is necessary to constantly overcome the legal nihilism characteristic of Russian citizens in order to develop respect for the law and justice as the personal beliefs of every person [4].

Among these measures, legal education should occupy a special, key place. This is a very effective means for strengthening the rule of law and the law, as well as the correct, purposeful formation of the interests of the individual and his needs. Forming respect for the law and justice should serve as the main goal of legal education. It should shape the socially active behavior of the individual in the legal environment and be based on strong legal views, beliefs, assessments and attitudes. Its task is to instill in the population the skills of a legitimate perception of reality. Thus, the legal development of an individual is the process of forming legal consciousness and the subsequent legal culture of behavior, therefore it is precisely these aspects that legal education should be based on.

Based on the materials of the article, we can conclude that in the Russian Federation of the 21st century, the problem of marginal manifestations of law must necessarily be taken into account when justifying the development of legal policy. Because of this, it should have a positive influence on both the formation and development of the general and legal culture of citizens, including the socially disadvantaged - that is, their marginal representatives.

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Psychological consequences and the role of the marginalized

People need other people's company. Unless someone has a pronounced psychological disorder, everyone usually wants to belong to a group. Of course, there are several examples of voluntary misfits - for example, nonconformists, eccentrics, school dropouts and loners.

These are all synonyms for people who swim against the trend. People who need peace and quiet, and who are internally closed.

But if you are not a loner, you will seek intimacy with others and will quickly notice if it is not reciprocated. The psychological consequences of involuntary transformation into the marginalized are varied:

• escape,
• transfer of responsibility,
• aggression,
• rage,
• actions contrary.

Challenging reactions are more harmless psychological consequences. The marginalized person compensates for the experience of disappointment by consciously opposing others. His motto: “I don’t even want to be in your group, I’m against you.” When seriously thought about, this can be quite consistent - for example, if someone cannot identify at all with the values ​​​​along which he lives.

For example, in a company whose corporate culture has deteriorated significantly after a merger, this may lead to a job change. In this case, the person concerned responded constructively to their situation.

It is more difficult to cope with aggression and anger: both of them lead to conflicts in the long term. In the case of marginalized people who feel they are under additional pressure, this can lead to violence.

Dubbing tactics are often used: those affected imitate the “clown”, both at school and later this strategy can be observed. They put on a good face when they play poorly, when someone offends them again, they make rude jokes and make fun of others. They hide what they really think.

This can lead to withdrawal or complete social isolation. This, in turn, can lead to physical complaints such as stomach and back pain or even depression.