The sides of communication are closely interconnected. In total, there are three aspect aspects of the communication interaction of individuals, namely communicative, perceptual and interactive. The boundaries between such sides of communication are quite symbolic and often merge, complementing each other. The aspects of communication in psychology should be considered from the perspective of joint activity and as a special activity. Communication interaction is a unique structural model containing two aspects: content and formal. The substantive aspect of interaction is reflected in the communicative function of communication, and the formal aspect in the behavioral side of communication, which is realized during the interaction.
Three aspects of communication
The sides of the communication process are closely interconnected.
Often the boundaries between them are quite symbolic and one side can merge with the other, complementing it.
In psychology, there are three key aspects of communication:
- communicative _ There is a direct exchange of information between the participants in the interaction. The main way of communication is speech. With the help of speech, people share judgments and points of view, discuss problems, resolve issues;
- perceptual _ At the cognitive level, the process of people perceiving each other occurs. During a conversation, a judgment is formed about the interlocutor, which is based on consideration of his appearance, facial expressions, voice gestures, and actions;
- interactive _ Direct formation of joint activities of subjects. The relationship between the parties to the interaction is determined on the basis of the actions and actions that they perform at a given stage of time.
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Stereotypes of perception.
- The halo effect is the tendency to judge positive character traits based on the perception of appearance. Attribution of negative properties is the anti-halo effect.
- Attitude is an unconscious desire to think in a certain way about a person or treat him under the influence of someone else’s opinion or one’s own experience.
- Causal attribution is the attribution of motives for behavior based on attitudes.
In order to get rid of stereotypes or patterns of perception, it is important to have reflection - to be able to reflect yourself.
The communicative side of speech
Definition 1
Communication is a type of active interaction between objects of any nature, which involves information exchange.
Communication between people is distinguished by the following specific features:
- Firstly, it undoubtedly must contain two individuals, each of whom is an active subject. At the same time, their mutual information implies the organization of joint activities.
- Secondly, it must contain the possibility of mutual influence of partners on each other through the concept of signs. In other words, the exchange of information in this case implies an influence on the behavior of the interlocutor and a change in the state of the participants in the communication process.
- Thirdly, influence in communication can only be exercised if there is a unified concept of decodification and codification between the communicator (the person who sends information) and the recipient (the person who receives it).
- Fourth, communication barriers are always likely to arise. In this case, the connection that exists between attitude and communication is clearly visible.
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Course work Sides of communication in psychology 440 ₽ Abstract Sides of communication in psychology 270 ₽ Test work Sides of communication in psychology 230 ₽
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The model of the communication process, as a rule, contains five components: communicator - message (text) - channel - audience - feedback.
Definition 2
The communication side is a way of psychologically influencing the interlocutor. During the period of information transfer, one person influences another. The better a subject’s communication skills are developed, the higher the degree of influence he has on his own interlocutors.
Information is provided on two levels:
- Incentive. These are remarks of a pleading, commanding, recommendatory nature. They are expressed with the task of stimulating a person to perform some action.
- Stater. Speech at this level is of a notification nature, which is aimed at providing any information. Ranges from indifferent presentation to active persuasion.
Bottom line
From childhood, a person learns speech, which allows him to more quickly and easily convey his thoughts, objections and ideas. However, in the process of communication there are many hidden aspects that must be realized by a person in order to interact more deeply and accurately with others.
In the process of communication, it remains important to understand both the interlocutor himself and his messages that he conveyed to the person. If everything is perceived correctly, then the person will have no questions left. He will understand everything very clearly and clearly for himself, without any guesses and conjectures, which are often erroneous.
The interactive side of communication
When communicating, changes in people's behavior appear. There are many options for shaping the situation. The main types of interaction include:
- cooperation, in which goals are achieved through joint efforts;
- competition (one infringes on the other on the way to achieving the goal);
- confrontation, which is characteristic of the pursuit of opposing objectives in communication;
- corporation with mutual benefit (“you - to me, I - to you”).
To have an impact, the interlocutor often resorts to one of positive or negative practices. A particularly optimal and constructive approach is persuasion, in which the object conveys information with reliable evidence and facts.
Note 1
The interactive side is directly related to the social roles that are characteristic of the subjects of interaction. Society imposes certain obligations on a person that he must fulfill.
Multiple rituals and rules are aimed at regulating the behavior of subjects who intelligently exercise control over their own actions and actions.
The scale of social norms on which the concept of interactive communication operates is quite large.
These include models of behavior determined by the norms of work discipline, military duties, concepts of dignity and honor, and simple rules of upbringing and politeness.
The approved model of behavior in which a person strives to conform depends on his personal traits: age, gender, responsibilities, social status. Thus, a medical worker is expected to show concern and attention, and a waiter is expected to be polite and helpful.
If, during interactive communication with people around him, a person sees approval of his actions, he can judge the coordination of his behavior with the social role he is realizing.
If there is a misunderstanding with members of society, then the individual may conclude that his actions do not meet the expectations that are accepted in this society.
Active Listening Techniques
involve the following actions (verbalizations):
- Pronunciation. The interlocutor repeats the partner’s statements verbatim, and he can start with the following phrase: “As I understand you, ...,” “In other words, ...,” etc.
- Paraphrasing. The interlocutors reproduce the partner’s statement in an abbreviated and generalized form, briefly formulating the most significant things in his words. “Your main ideas, as I understand it, are...”; "So, .."
- Development of the idea. The interlocutor is trying to draw a logical consequence from the partner’s statement: “Based on what you said, it turns out that...”
Verbalizations perform the following functions:
- Allows you to collect information.
- Allows you to display the most important information.
- Helps clarify whether you understood your partner correctly.
- Helps you remember information better.
- Helps to comprehend information.
- Helps to summarize.
- Helps you stay on top of the problem.
- It is a means of orientation towards a partner.
- Helps you better understand your problem.
- They help reinforce your partner’s point of view.
- Gives time to think.
- Verbalization helps to use the pause mechanism.
The “search for a joint solution” stage. It is also often called the argumentation stage, since here you need to argue your point of view and work with your partner’s arguments.
What should you do with the arguments that your interlocutor has already expressed? Some of them need to be counter-argued, some arguments need to be analyzed, considered from different points of view
There are two main strategies for argumentation: bottom-up and top-down.
Stage "Decision making"
The fourth stage is the stage of making a decision and leaving contact. The success of passing and completing this stage depends on how effective the communication was, that is, whether it met both criteria for effectiveness. It is very important to pay attention to ensuring that a single decision is made and that all participants understand this decision equally. The second important point is that all participants in the communication are satisfied with both the decision itself and the decision-making process, and, consequently, with each other. In such a situation, leaving contact occurs naturally; it is easy for everyone to say pleasant words to each other.
2.2. Nonverbal Communication
Nonverbal communication is a system of nonverbal symbols, signs, codes used to convey a message with a high degree of accuracy, which is to one degree or another alienated and independent of the psychological and socio-psychological qualities of the individual. Ph.D. has a fairly clear range of meanings and can be described as a linguistic sign system. Conventional, intentional, arbitrary gestures, body movements, postures, facial expressions are encoded and decoded, act as signs that have a limited range of meanings, and perform the functions of a message.
Nonverbal communication, based on the means of presenting information, can be divided into kinesthetics, para- and extralinguistics, proxemics and “eye contact” (visual communication).
Kinesthetics is a type of nonverbal communication based on the perception of general motor skills of various parts of the human body. If we mainly mean hands, then this is gesticulation (sign language). If we mean facial muscles, then this is facial expressions. If there is a person’s posture, then this is pantomime (body language).
General motor skills of various parts of the body (gestures, facial expressions, pantomime) reflect a person’s emotional reactions. However, it should be borne in mind that the use of the same kinesthetic techniques (gestures, postures, facial expressions, etc.) in different folk cultures may have different interpretations. For example, the V-shaped sign with the fingers in many countries means the number 2. In most European countries, this sign means “Victory!” – it doesn’t matter whether the palm is turned towards yourself or towards the viewer. There are many such examples of different interpretations of certain gestures in different national cultures.
Paralinguistics is a vocalization system (voice timbre, range, tonality, etc.).
Extralinguistics is a system that determines the rate of speech and includes “additions” to verbal information (rate of speech, pauses, coughing, crying, laughter, etc.).
Proxemics is the field of spatial and temporal organization of communication. The founder of proxemics, E. Hall, proposed a method for assessing the intimacy of communication based on studying the organization of its space. Thus, the dimensions of a person’s personal spatial territory (meaning the norms of a person’s closeness to a communication partner, characteristic of American culture) are: intimate zone – 15–46 cm; personal zone – 46-120 cm; social zone – 1.2–3.6 m; public area – more than 3.6 m.
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