Research work on psychology “Personal self-esteem”

It is quite interesting for an individual to study the specificity of his own personality - this includes temperament, self-esteem, emotional state, intelligence and much more. It is in this regard that a fairly large number of methods for studying personality, self-esteem in particular, have emerged. Among these methods, we can consider both effective ones, that is, these are methods that are suitable for practical use, and methods whose reliability and validity can be doubted.

We can say that all of the above determines the relevance of this work.

The purpose of the study is: to study the essence and possibility of researching personality self-esteem

Objectives of this study:

1. identify methods for studying personality self-esteem;
2. study methods for researching personality self-esteem;
3. consider the types of self-esteem of an individual, its concept, its levels, as well as its social and psychological essence;
4. study the formation of personal self-esteem;
5. consider the structure of the self-concept.

The structure of this work: the work consists of eight chapters, three of which are structural elements (introduction, conclusion, list of references), and five chapters (theoretical) are the main part. The total length of the course work is twenty-six pages.

The introduction substantiates the relevance of this topic.

The first chapter defines the theoretical facets of personal self-esteem. The second chapter contains the main aspects of the study of personality self-esteem. The third chapter examines the formation of personality. The fourth chapter discusses methods for studying personality self-esteem. The fifth is the structure of the self-concept.

The conclusion summarizes the results of this study.

Rosenberg Self-Affirmation Scale

Personal self-esteem can change under the influence of various factors. You can check your level of self-esteem using the Rosenberg technique. Indicators on the questionnaire determine whether an individual has depression, excessive anxiety, signs of a leader, and activity in communication.

The subject must indicate his attitude to the given statements on a scale:

• I completely agree;
• agree;
• disagree;
• I absolutely disagree.

The test consists of the following statements:

1. I consider myself a worthy person, no worse than others.
2. They constantly feel like a failure.
3. I have good qualities.
4. Able to do something as well as others.
5. I have nothing to be proud of.
6. I treat myself well.
7. Satisfied with his own personality.
8. I wish I had more respect for myself.
9. Sometimes I feel useless.
10. I often think that I am bad at everything.

Points are awarded for each answer. The Rosenberg self-esteem test will show your attitude towards yourself in the form of the sum of points received by the subject.

Dembo-Rubinstein test

A vertical line is drawn on the sheet, indicating a feeling, for example, happiness. The top of the line corresponds to the happiest person, and the bottom to the unhappy one.

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The subject must draw a line on the line that will indicate his current level. A satisfactory level of development is marked with a circle, and the place corresponding to an objective assessment of capabilities is marked with a cross.

The technique contains a scale of health, mental development, character and happiness.

To make the test more convenient, the height of the line should be 100 mm, and a point is awarded for each mm. First you need to complete the test, and only then read the interpretation of the results, otherwise this will affect the honesty of the answers.

As a result, you can find out the main parameters of self-esteem:

1. Height. If the result is 75-100 points, then self-esteem is inflated, and the person is closed to gaining new experience and does not accept his mistakes and the comments of other people. Scores below 50 are obtained by individuals with low self-esteem.
2. Level of aspiration. It is marked with a cross on the scale. Real results are 60-90 points. If a higher score is received, then the person assesses his capabilities unrealistically and uncritically. Indicators below 60 points indicate low aspirations and unfavorable personality development.

Normal self-esteem on the scale is above the middle. The ideal indicator is a circle slightly below the top plus, and (x) between them.

Sonerson test

This method of identifying low self-esteem was proposed by psychologist Marilyn Sonerson.

More than 9,000 people have gotten rid of their psychological problems using this technique.

You can take the test online; the higher the score, the lower your self-esteem:

• 0-7 points indicate an ideal state, independence and autonomy;
• 8-15 points indicate average self-esteem. In this case, a person sometimes worries about his appearance and the opinions of others;
• 16-25 – low self-esteem;
• 26-50 points signal excessively low self-esteem, which causes mental and physical discomfort.

The Sonerson test will help you identify problems with self-confidence and find out at what stage you need the help of a psychologist.

Ponomarenko test

Diagnosis of personal problems is carried out using a special form. It shows character traits, a total of 15 positive and the same number of opposite ones.

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In the middle of the form there are columns numbered from 1 to 7; the choice must be made depending on how pronounced the pair of qualities is:

1. The column with number 1 says that the person does not have a drop of anger.
2. The seventh column shows a person who is 100% evil.
3. The fourth is chosen by people with an average position of kindness and anger.
4. The third says that the subject is more kind than evil, and the second says the opposite.

The closer the column is to the right or left side of the properties, the more pronounced they are.

Testing consists of several stages:

1. First, select the column number, indicating it with a cross.
2. Return to the first pair of characteristics and indicate the desired properties with a circle.
3. Finally, the results are processed. In each pair, the position of the real state and the desired state is considered.

At the final stage, the difference in the positions of all 15 digits is summed up and the results are compared with the key.

If a problem is discovered, the person considers himself worthless, insignificant, and often speaks self-deprecatingly. It is also difficult for him to accept compliments, refuse another person, and defend his opinion. This condition is inherent in asthenics.

The reasons for low self-esteem are hidden in childhood, when the child is scolded for the slightest offense, reacts to him aggressively and irritably, and is not supported. A problem can also arise in an adult due to unpleasant events in life, for example, dismissal from work or financial insolvency.

The type of temperament also influences your attitude towards yourself. Sanguine and phlegmatic people usually have a stable psychological state, while for choleric people it constantly fluctuates. Melancholic people always have low self-esteem. Therefore, they need to develop confidence.

What is it for?

The development of adequate self-esteem is required for practical survival in society. Knowing your strengths and weaknesses, you can wisely emphasize some and hide others - this works to create a positive image, helps in your career, establishing the right connections and overall advancement.

Inner peace from understanding your place in life (be it a president, or a failed student) gives inner stability. This is an adequate point from which you can start, but if the presented image and the real one diverge, then there is less calm, those around you react as if to a soap bubble and bypass you. Fewer anxieties and internal tension make a person healthier somatically, gain secure relationships with others built on honesty, a safe living environment, and reliable functioning of the body without nervous breakdowns. Also, adequate self-esteem allows a person to more easily accept both the world around him and all his manifestations, hence there is less tendency to various types of addictions and eating disorders.

The reality of your goals and the ability to calculate your capabilities allows you to achieve much more. The widespread desire to improve self-esteem, raise it and feel confident and happy only leads to illusion. Thinking that he can easily cope with everything, a person does not calculate the time, his limited strength and ends up failing. Someone who has an adequate assessment will not go into confrontation with a stronger person, but will offer cooperation, ask for advice from a professional, and will not resolve all issues on their own. Perhaps, even admitting your true stupidity, you can achieve more by simply delegating all the necessary tasks than with average intelligence trying to do everything alone.

This is the main survival mechanism found even in animals. Competent scanning of the surrounding space, correlating this with your skills and dimensions allows you to survive. A medium-sized predator, seeing small prey, decides to attack and remains well-fed, which prolongs its life. But when confronted with a large enemy, he flees and also remains alive. If you do not correctly assess yourself, your strengths and the world around you, and act equally in both of these situations, then the result will be disastrous. Therefore, some mechanisms for tracking the world are fixed evolutionarily, the rest are more highly developed, usually relating to the social level, which a person must develop himself.

Self-esteem concerns not only one’s own position and skills, but also resources and the ability to distribute them. Realizing that you have a lot of money, but you are extremely tired, it makes sense to order a taxi; those who are cheerful but poor should choose to walk. All this is not only a method of saving and proper allocation of resources, but also of building successful further activities and development. A person can finally predict what his actions will lead to. Only with an immature personal structure and inadequate self-esteem can any person’s actions lead to different, and most importantly surprising, results.

Gorbatov test

Low self-esteem of a woman or man requires treatment. They try to increase confidence through training and sessions with a psychologist.

Violations can be recognized using the Gorbatov test. It is based on ideas about personality traits. These qualities are taken into account during education.

A task consisting of several stages will help you understand your own ideas about the ideal:

1. The sheet is divided into 4 parts and each is signed with Roman numerals. The subject receives 4 sets of positive character traits and in each set he must highlight the most valuable and significant ones. They are written out in a column along with the number. In this way, all qualities are processed.
2. At the second stage, they carefully consider the written qualities and find those that they possess in reality. They are circled.

After this, the result is calculated: the real qualities are divided by the number of ideal ones and multiplied by 100%. If the result is 0-10 points for men and 0-15 for women, then self-esteem is inadequately low. The higher the result, the less self-doubt.

More than 9,000 people have gotten rid of their psychological problems using this technique.

Problem conditions

There are several types of self-esteem that raise concerns among psychologists.

Heightened self-esteem

It manifests itself in a disdainful attitude towards peers and disrespect for elders. The achievements of others are ridiculed.

The child seeks to control others during games, ignoring his own weak qualities. If the team does not recognize him as a leader, problems begin, even hysterics.

Low self-esteem

Low self-esteem is also an inadequate state of affairs. In this case, the child does not trust himself and constantly experiences anxiety.

He initially always sets himself up for a negative result. He is afraid of people and does not trust them. This can result in insults to others.

The formation of this level of self-esteem is facilitated when parents or teachers themselves begin to set the child up to believe that he is not capable of anything, that nothing will work out for him. It all starts with little things. For example, he is not allowed to make his bed on his own, claiming that he still won’t be able to do it well. This results in serious psychological problems in the future.

Kazantseva's test

The provisions are read to the subject, and he must write down three possible answers: “yes”, “no”, “I don’t know”. Choose the option that best matches the behavior. Answers are given quickly, without hesitation.

Examples:

1. I always expect success.
2. No self-confidence.
3. In terms of abilities and resourcefulness, I do not lag behind those around me.
4. Periodically they feel useless.
5. It seems like I can't achieve anything.
6. I often do things that I regret.
7. I don't worry about possible failures.
8. Various obstacles always prevent me from successfully completing assignments.
9. I think that someone always needs me.
10. I think I do worse than others.
11. I'm usually lucky.

You can find out your own level of self-esteem after calculating the results. First, they count how many affirmative answers there are with odd numbers, and then with even numbers. The second number is subtracted from the first number. The result can range from -10 to +10. If the score is from -10 to -4, then self-esteem is low, and from -3 to +3 - average. Individuals with a high level of self-confidence receive more values.

Why should everyone get tested?

The technique was developed by the famous Soviet psychologist Sergei Andreevich Budassi in the 1970s. Even today, the Budassi test is successfully used by psychologists all over the world.

Analysis helps to determine the “I-concept”, the average value of the “Real-I” and the “Ideal-I”. It is the “I-concept” that influences the choice of a person’s type of behavior, which, in turn, determines the direction of activity, actions and communications.

Why is it important to understand your self-concept? Not everything we think about ourselves is 100% real. Some aspects of our personality are not perceived by consciousness and are realized by us unconsciously. The Budassi test allows us to determine the level of our self-esteem, and, based on this knowledge, adjust our actions and decisions.

Adapted version of Eysenck's technique

To identify deviations in the perception of one’s own personality, a technique is used that contains a description of various mental states. If a person feels this often, he gives 2 points, occasionally - 1, never - 0.

First group:

1. I feel insecure.
2. I blush over trifles.
3. I sleep restlessly.
4. I get discouraged easily.
5. I'm worried about possible troubles.
6. I'm afraid of difficulties.
7. I constantly dig into the shortcomings.
8. I'm easily convinced.
9. Suspicious.
10. I can't bear the wait.

Second group:

1. Often even a simple situation seems hopeless.
2. I get discouraged because of troubles.
3. I blame myself for big failures.
4. I don't learn from misfortunes.
5. I refuse to fight, considering it useless.
6. I feel helpless.
7. I often despair.
8. Confused by difficulties.
9. In difficult moments, I behave like a child in order to gain pity.
10. I believe that my shortcomings cannot be overcome.

Third group:

1. The last word is always mine.
2. I often interrupt my interlocutors.
3. I get angry easily.
4. I make comments to others.
5. I'm trying to be an authority figure.
6. I'm not content with little.
7. I can't control my anger well.
8. I prefer control to submission.
9. I gesture sharply and rudely.
10. Revengeful.

Fourth group:

1. It's hard to change habits.
2. It's difficult to switch attention.
3. I am wary of innovations.
4. It's hard to convince.
5. I suffer from obsessive thoughts.
6. It's difficult to get close to people.
7. I get upset, even if plans are slightly disrupted.
8. Often stubborn.
9. I rarely take risks.
10. I often deviate from my daily routine.

The results can be determined after calculating the sum of points.

Similar techniques are often used to study student self-esteem. This allows them to form an image of themselves, correct uncertainty, and learn to correctly assess their own personality.

Distortion of self-esteem arises as a result of discrepancies between aspirations and actual achievements. The greater the claims, the more success a person must achieve in order to satisfy them.

Leary test

The method allows you to explore a person’s idea of ​​his own personality. Each of them needs to be assessed as follows: if the definition corresponds to ideas about oneself, a plus is placed opposite it, and if not, a minus. You must answer questions sincerely.

Upon completion, points are calculated using the key to the questionnaire (the difference between ideas about a person and the desired image is important). The maximum result is 16 points.

Types of personal characteristics identified during testing:

1. Authoritarian. If a person scores from 13 to 16 points, then he is distinguished by authority, increased despoticism, and is a leader in all types of activities. They love to teach others and do not take advice from others. From 9 to 12 points are scored by energetic, competent people who demand respect for themselves. 0-8 points indicate a self-confident person, but he will not necessarily be a leader.
2. Selfish. 13-16 shows the desire to be above others, prudence and independence. Such a person likes to shift responsibility to others and is boastful and arrogant. From 0 to 12 for people with egoistic traits and a tendency to compete.
3. Aggressive. 13-16 points indicate a person’s harshness and hostility towards others. This often leads to antisocial behavior. 9-12 means that a person is frank and strictly evaluates others, often mocks and criticizes. 0-8 points indicate stubbornness, perseverance, perseverance and energy.
4. Suspicious. 13-16 points are scored by individuals with a schizoid character type, who have an aloof attitude towards the world, doubt everything and are always dissatisfied. 9-12 points indicate difficulties in contacts with people due to uncertainty, fear of the bad attitude of others, secrecy and isolation. 0-8 speaks of being critical of yourself and the entire world around you.
5. Subordinate. 13-16 points are scored by people who are submissive and prone to low self-esteem. They always give in to others, and put themselves in last place, feel guilty for any reason, are passive and try to find support for themselves. 9-12 – the subject is shy and timid, has a predisposition to subordination, always follows the orders of others and does not have an opinion.
6. Dependent. 13-16 indicates self-doubt, anxiety, dependence on other people's opinions. 9-12 points are scored by obedient, fearful and helpless individuals who are unable to resist. 0-8 – a person is distinguished by his gentle character and gullibility, often admires others.
7. Friendly. 9-16 – the individual strives to gain social approval and be good to everyone. 0-8 – often compromises in conflict situations, follows all rules and conventions, wants to be the center of attention. Warm and friendly in his relationships with others.
8. Altruistic. Hyper-responsible people score 9-16 points. They always sacrifice their interests, impose help and are overly active. But this is only a mask that hides the opposite type. 0-8 points indicate selflessness and emotional attitude towards others. This is a kind person who always encourages and calms in a difficult situation.

The first four results are obtained by people who are accustomed to defending their opinions and occupying leading positions. The other four options paint the opposite picture.

Tests to determine self-esteem are also administered to adolescents. This period is considered the optimal phase for working with self-esteem. This is associated with the formation of a full-fledged self-awareness. Parents should provide the opportunity to talk openly about exciting topics and conduct dialogue on equal terms, supporting the teenager in solving problems.

At the age of 9-12 years, aggression and parental rejection, combined with low self-esteem, can lead to serious disturbances in personality formation.

At a young age, self-esteem is based on the opinions of others. It is installed without critical analysis. This influence is very significant.

Study of personality self-esteem

Experts argue that the study of self-assessing personality performs three main functions12:

1. developmental function: this function is an impetus for personal development;
2. protective function: this function ensures both the independence of the individual and relative stability;
3. regulatory function: this function resolves problems of personal choice.

Psychologists say that every person needs to look inside themselves. This is due to the fact that the solutions to most difficulties lie within the individual. If a person “digs into himself,” then this means that he can get rid of the garbage that is present there. With all this, those things that are necessary and also useful for a person are brought to the fore.13 And the things that the individual does not need are hidden further away.

Personal self-esteem can form an individual's self-awareness. A person, in the process of his own assessment, also includes an assessment of his properties, qualities, and capabilities. This is done through analysis, self-report, introspection, and comparison of oneself with other people. With people with whom he is in direct contact.

Self-esteem is not the simplest satisfaction of curiosity. 14A healthy sense of self-esteem, the desire for success, self-improvement - all these are the driving motives. This is due to the fact that human life is a kind of protracted struggle with oneself.

With the help of personality self-assessment, you can view your real “I” and connect it with your own past and future. Personal self-esteem allows a person to look at his own roots of both weaknesses and strengths, as well as to become confident in their objectivity, and learn to acquire adequate models for his own behavior in everyday situations.15 The individual who was able to know himself automatically turns into a completely different person. individual.

There are several elements in the structure of personality self-assessment:16

1. emotional element;
2. cognitive element.

The cognitive element means absolutely everything that an individual has learned about himself from completely different sources of information.

The emotional element implies its attitude to completely different aspects of the personality. This may include the following:

1. habits;
2. character;
3. traits;
4. behavior.