Adviсe
- Main signs of Stockholm syndrome
- Who is susceptible to Stockholm syndrome?
- Development of Stockholm syndrome
- Stockholm syndrome in the family
- Everyday Stockholm syndrome: spouses
- Everyday Stockholm syndrome: fathers and children
- Treatment of Stockholm syndrome
- From the history of the concept
This phrase is heard quite often. But not everyone knows what it means. What is Stockholm syndrome? This is a psychological condition where the victim falls in love with his captor . This syndrome is also called Swedish, Munich, Scandinavian, Brussels and Copenhagen syndrome. The main indicator of a person with this syndrome is his interest in the fate of the kidnapper. At court hearings, the victim gives acquittal testimony and demands a reduced sentence. She often hires a lawyer herself, visits her in prison, and performs other similar actions. When hostages protect a terrorist, this is Stockholm syndrome.
Main signs of Stockholm syndrome
During the capture, the victim activates a kind of protective psychological mechanism. She wants to please the criminal and commits actions that are compatible with criminal behavior. This will allow the terrorist to perceive the victim in a positive light and not harm her.
For the victim, release becomes a potentially dangerous event that should not be allowed under any circumstances. The likelihood of getting a bullet in the forehead doubles: either during liberation activities by the police, or from the criminal himself, at a time when he has nothing to lose. Over time, being with the criminal, the victim learns more about him: about his problems, hopes and aspirations. Doubts and thoughts arise that the criminal is actually right, and his actions are correct. The prisoner on a subconscious level is immersed as if in a game, a dream. He accepts the rules of this game. In them, the captors are people who want to achieve justice, and those who rescue the hostages are completely to blame for the situation and what happens to the terrorists and the victim.
How to help someone with Stockholm syndrome
Here are a few rules that will help pull the victim out of a painful relationship.
Suggest psychotherapy
Ideally, you can persuade the victim to go to a psychotherapist. A specialist will help you sort out what is happening. It will indicate what is happening to a person. It will make him think about the abnormality of the situation. This is the most effective way to get rid of it.
If there is no opportunity to visit a professional, try to push the victim to think about it yourself. In conversations, as if by chance, without pressure, indicate important points. “You can’t shout at people: it’s disrespectful.” “No one has the right to raise a hand against another person.” Suggest reading an article about Stockholm syndrome. Education is an important step towards getting rid of painful addiction.
Don't give advice or pressure
The victim of violence must have the right to make his own decisions. If you talk to a person from the position of “I know better what to do,” you are only once again feeding his helplessness.
Listen but don't judge
The ability to tell someone about your experiences sincerely and honestly, without fear of hearing in response: “You are a fool,” is critically important. It helps a person get rid of unnecessary emotions and engage in rational thinking.
Use the Socratic Method
The ancient Greek philosopher believed that a person himself can understand what is happening to him if he is asked leading questions. Sincerely ask the victim how she sees the situation. How does he feel about this? What kind of ending can this event lead to? Do not make statements or judgments. Just ask and listen.
Avoid polarization
Don't try to convince a person that the aggressor is a villain. This can lead to the opposite result: the victim becomes “polarized”—sides with the offender against the whole world.
Identify the hook that holds Stockholm syndrome and break it
Sometimes the hook is obvious. For example, a woman cannot break off a relationship with her abusive husband simply because she believes that she has nowhere to go. Or because she is afraid of losing the material benefits that the aggressor gives her in moments of good mood. Sometimes the hook is hidden more deeply.
Help the victim identify exactly what need she is trying to satisfy in this painful relationship. Awareness of what exactly keeps a person close to the rapist is the first step towards liberation.
Who is susceptible to Stockholm syndrome?
Stockholm syndrome comes from childhood. This problem most often concerns people who are disliked by mom and dad . Such a child was not taken into account, constantly snapped at, not perceived as a full-fledged member of the family, beaten and morally oppressed.
The victim tries once again not to say a word against his offender, believing that in this way there will be less aggression on his part. At the same time, violence towards her is perceived as an action that must take place, and cannot be done without it in the current situation. Experiencing torment, both physical and psychological, the victim still justifies the offender.
Still from the film Beauty and the Beast, 2021. Many believe that Belle exhibited Stockholm syndrome towards the Beast.
One of the reasons why a person is susceptible to Stockholm syndrome is previous experience of physical or psychological bullying . The psyche is disturbed, so the subconscious rearranges information in such a way that violence is a necessary punishment for some sins.
Development of Stockholm syndrome
This syndrome cannot develop spontaneously out of nowhere; a number of reasons are required for its “activation”:
Being in a confined space with a criminal side by side and one on one. Intense fear of the offender. It seems to the victim that there are no ways of salvation in this situation, and she resigns herself to this state of affairs. After a while, the hostage begins to like the terrorist, and in the end it may happen that the victim falls in love with the maniac. The victim ceases to recognize himself as a person. He completely dissolves in the aggressor, feeling his needs, needs and problems as his own. In this way, the human body adapts to the problem in order to be able to survive in the most difficult and unbearable situation.
Stockholm syndrome in the family
You see a smiling couple on the street: a young man and woman, they look happy and satisfied with life. However, the first impression is not always true. Often, under the guise of such prosperity, physical or psychological violence within the family is hidden. Everyday Stockholm syndrome in family relationships is not uncommon.
With this disease, the victim does not feel like a victim at all; on the contrary, she remains faithful to her offender, protects him in every possible way and justifies his actions with her past mistakes. Treatment will require the help of a psychiatrist; you cannot cope with this problem on your own. Such things happen not only between husband and wife, but also between parents and their children.
Many women who are beaten by their husbands are susceptible to Stockholm syndrome.
Stockholm syndrome: signs, causes and consequences
The main reason for the triggering of the Stockholm syndrome mechanism is a traumatic situation in which violence is present. A person's psychological defense turns on. In principle, this is a completely normal mental reaction, but the manifestation of everyday Stockholm syndrome is especially typical for those:
- who grew up in a dysfunctional atmosphere: difficult childhood, domestic violence;
- who is in a constant position of victim and believes that he deserves such treatment
Victim women with low self-esteem, pessimistic views, accustomed to humiliation, themselves attract tyrants and despots. Of course, such a relationship cannot be called love. It is addiction. A woman makes excuses for a toxic partner, afraid to admit to herself that she is not really loved and is used as a whipping pillow. Dependent relationships can last for years. At the same time, the woman may not fully realize that what is happening is beyond the norm. The defense mechanism does not allow her to look at the situation from the outside and evaluate it sensibly. However, all this is often visible to close people.
Stockholm syndrome has characteristic symptoms. They can manifest themselves in both psychological and physical violence:
- The victim tries to justify his tormentor.
- He shields and protects him in every possible way.
- Does not fully understand what is happening and how it looks in the eyes of others.
- Convinces those who are trying to help that they don't know the whole picture and that in fact everything is fine.
- Sometimes he hides traces of beatings, torture, and withdraws into himself.
However, without a doubt, a woman feels bad in a codependent relationship and needs help. You can and should get out of the vicious circle of sick love. Although it's not easy. Stockholm syndrome has dangerous consequences. The victim acts against his own interests, interferes with his own salvation, and risks his life.
Everyday Stockholm syndrome: spouses
Of course, not everyone knows what Stockholm syndrome is in a family. This phenomenon is not so common everywhere. Domestic violence harms not only the victim herself, but also everyone around her. Close people know about what is happening, but in fact they cannot do anything. The victim falls into deep depression, his will is suppressed, the person loses his “I”.
The most popular and clear example of Stockholm syndrome is the beating of a wife by her husband. It is not clear to those around her that the woman’s position is that she remains close to her husband, continues to live with him, as if nothing was happening. Why is that? Why doesn’t she leave after the first such incident?
Many of them make excuses by saying that they did not know a comfortable life with their husband, children should be raised in a complete family, but what will others say and other similar excuses?
In fact, it is Stockholm syndrome in all its colorful manifestations that affects the mind in a similar way. Only a doctor or strong enough personal motivation can help.
Children growing up in such families become victims a priori. They see a negative connotation in everything, even when the attitude towards them is positive. Such people grow up depressed, looking for constant injustice, which is necessarily directed in their direction.
Stockholm syndrome can occur in children of a parent who suffered beatings
Where did the concept of Stockholm syndrome come from?
In August 1973, the Kredibanken bank was seized in Stockholm, with four employees taken hostage. For three days, the robbers put forward their demands to the authorities with the assurance that if their request was resolved positively, the hostages would be released. Three days after the seizure, police drilled a hole in the roof of the bank and carried out a gas attack. The hostages were released and the criminals were arrested. The most interesting thing happened later. The hostages hired lawyers for the robbers to spare them from the aggressive verdict of justice. The question why bothered everyone. But as it turned out, during the hostage taking, the hostages became imbued with the criminals and the circumstances that forced them to such actions and completely justified their behavior. For all residents of the city, such behavior became a curiosity. The robbers were freed, moreover, one of the hostages became friends with the family of one of the robbers. This situation is called Stockholm syndrome.
This syndrome occurs quite often nowadays, and many researchers are trying to understand what the problem is with this phenomenon.
Everyday Stockholm syndrome: fathers and children
In family relationships, children are often susceptible to Stockholm syndrome. Those children who are not the only ones and have other brothers and sisters believe that they are loved less than others; children who are beaten and really disliked and humiliated in every possible way. The situation is complicated by the fact that a child is a small person; he cannot in any way influence the situation and the events that happen to him. Therefore, this disease remains with him until the end of his life. Such a child proves to his parents that he is worthy of their attention, worthy of love and affection, but if his attempts fail, he will begin to think that he is not like everyone else, worse, ugly, stupid, etc.
Mysteries of the human psyche: Stockholm syndrome
What surprises does the human psyche present? It would seem that under no circumstances should the victim treat his tormentor with understanding and sympathy.
Nevertheless, this happens, and this phenomenon is called Stockholm syndrome. Most often it manifests itself during hostage situations. Stockholm syndrome is not a mental illness, but it is not yet fully understood and is the subject of heated debate in scientific circles.
IDENTIFICATION WITH THE AGGRESSOR
37 years before this phenomenon was called Stockholm syndrome, it was described by Anna Freud, daughter and follower of the famous psychologist Sigmund Freud. Anna Freud believed that the consciousness of a person in a stressful situation creates certain blocks.
For example, the victim justifies everything by fate, which cannot be changed, or refuses to accept what is happening as reality, or tries to explain the actions of the one who caused all the troubles. This helps to distract yourself and distance yourself from thoughts about a real threat. Freud’s daughter called this mechanism of psychological defense, an emotional connection with a tyrant, “identification with the aggressor.”
The term "Stockholm syndrome" appeared after the hostage crisis in Stockholm. On August 23, 1973, Jan-Erik Olsson, who had just been released from prison, entered one of the banks in the Swedish capital. The criminal had a gun in his hands, he shot into the air with the words: “The party is starting!”
The police responded almost immediately, but Olsson managed to wound one of the arriving police officers and ordered another at gunpoint to sing “Lonely Cowboy.” How long this performance would have continued is unknown. But one of the bank’s clients, an elderly man, found the courage to demand that the bandit stop this bullying and let the policeman go. Surprisingly, Olsson released not only the policeman, but also his defense attorney.
The criminal took bank employees - three women and one man - hostage. He locked himself with them in the vault, a small room 3 by 14 meters. And a drama began that lasted 6 days. Olsson put forward the following demands: 3 million crowns, weapons, a car, the release of Olofsson, his cellmate. The latter was done immediately.
True, they made Olofsson promise that he would calm the terrorist and help free the hostages. For this he was promised a pardon. But the authorities did not know that the robbery was staged precisely and only so that Olofsson would be free.
The police could not decide to storm, because police psychologists believed that criminals could take any measures. In addition, elections were to take place in three weeks, and the authorities could not allow the scandalous end of the operation and the death of the hostages. And finally, this bank served the entire Stockholm police, and there was one day left before the payment of salaries.
Meanwhile, Olsson, seeing that the rest of his demands were in no hurry to be fulfilled, began to threaten reprisals against the hostages. And to be convincing, during a telephone conversation with the authorities, he began to strangle one of the women so that her wheezing could be heard on the receiver.
Unexpectedly, after two days, relations between the bandits and the hostages improved. They talked, talked about their lives, played tic-tac-toe. The victims suddenly demanded that the police stop the release operation. One of the women herself called the Prime Minister and said that the hostages liked the criminals and demanded that everything that was promised to them be fulfilled.
Olsson needed to somehow show the authorities that he was ready for decisive action, and he decided to wound one of the hostages. The women began to persuade their male colleagues to play the role of the victim. And they persuaded me, but, fortunately, this was avoided. But after his release, the man said that he was even pleased that the choice fell on him.
On August 28, the police launched a gas attack, the hostages were freed, and the criminals were arrested. Even after this, the four hostages hired lawyers for their captors, and subsequently cordial relations remained between them. And at the trial they said that they were afraid not of bandits, but of the police.
Psychiatrist Nils Beyerut, who advised the police during the operation, suggested using the term “Stockholm syndrome” for such phenomena.
FROM VICTIM TO TERRORIST
An absolutely incredible case of Stockholm syndrome occurred with Patricia Hearst, the granddaughter of an American billionaire. The girl was kidnapped from her home in February 1974 by the terrorist organization SLA. For two weeks, the kidnappers kept Patricia in a closet, blindfolded and gagged. Moreover, for the first days she was not allowed to eat, was not allowed to go to the toilet, and was raped.
The terrorists' demands were not entirely ordinary: $70 worth of food for every needy Californian and a huge circulation of their propaganda literature. According to rough estimates, fulfilling these conditions would cost the girl’s family $400 million.
Therefore, the counter offer was as follows: $6 million in three installments. After the first two installments were paid, and one day remained until the hostage was released, the SLA presented an audio message from Patricia, in which she stated that she was joining the organization and would not return to her family.
After this, the former victim participated in the robbery of two banks, a supermarket, stole cars, took hostages along with other members of the organization and was engaged in the manufacture of explosives. In 1975 she was arrested.
After a psychiatric examination, it turned out that the girl had a mental disorder resulting from the helplessness and extreme horror she experienced. That is why her concepts of “bad” and “good” swapped places and Patricia began to identify herself with terrorists.
OPINION OF EXPERTS
Scientists believe that Stockholm syndrome is not a mental illness. In their opinion, this is a normal reaction of the psyche to circumstances that can cause trauma to it. The syndrome almost always develops according to the same scenario: the hostages begin to feel sympathy for the kidnappers and distrust of the authorities, and then the criminals begin to experience positive emotions towards the hostages.
First of all, the victim’s behavior can be explained by the hope of leniency in case of obedience, so the hostages try to obey and try to find an excuse for the criminal in order to gain his approval. They understand that they can be saved only if they do not provoke the terrorist to take drastic measures.
Another lever of this mechanism is that people, being in a state of shock from the horror they experience, interpret the actions of the criminal in their favor. This allows you to get rid of fear at least a little. And the attachment to the terrorist that arises in the victim creates in her a certain imaginary sense of security. After all, this nice person cannot pose a real threat to life!
There is another reason for the syndrome. The victim begins to mistakenly believe that if he acts in concert with the criminal, he will be able to find himself under his protection, and therefore safe. It is known that Stockholm syndrome manifests itself if hostages and hostage takers are together in a closed space for at least 3-4 days. During this time they manage to get to know each other better.
The victims become imbued with the problems and demands of the terrorists and begin to consider them fair; they are even ready to forgive the bandits for putting their lives in danger. Moreover, the captives begin to fear the police assault, since, in their opinion, the likelihood of dying during the assault is greater than at the hands of the captor.
Now that Stockholm syndrome has become known, law enforcement officials during anti-terrorism operations are trying to encourage its development in hostages. This is necessary for the situation to reach its final phase - the emergence of sympathy for the victim in the criminal. Then the latter’s chances of survival increase.
In general, Stockholm syndrome occurs in one out of twelve hostage situations. Obstacles to establishing communication can be racial, national, religious differences or the inadequacy and hysteria of terrorists.
It must be said that it is quite difficult to get rid of the syndrome that has arisen; it lasts for quite a long time.
HEATS MEANS LOVES
When it comes to Stockholm syndrome, associations arise with extreme situations: hostage-taking, prisons, wars, etc. But its manifestations are not only in cases of criminal violence; quite often we can observe the syndrome in everyday life (manager - subordinate, teacher - student, head of family - household members, etc.). In fact, wherever the weak depend on the strong, Stockholm syndrome can occur.
The former hope that if they obey unconditionally, the latter will show leniency and approval. And if the strong are not only strict but also fair, then loyalty from the weak is guaranteed.
A good example of a household syndrome can be the marriage traditions of some peoples. In some places, the tradition of bride kidnapping is still preserved. Of course, in our time this is more of a performance, but there are exceptions when a girl is kidnapped without her consent. She stays in the groom's house for a long time under the protection of relatives and gradually becomes attached to the kidnapper. And even having received the opportunity to return to his home, he does not use it.
But this is exotic, but domestic violence is quite common. It’s not for nothing that there is a saying “Hitting means loving.” It perfectly characterizes the traumatic connection between the victim and the rapist.
Most cases of Stockholm syndrome occur in women whose husbands beat them. However, while suffering, a woman hides what is happening and sometimes even finds an excuse for the aggressor. Of course, there are quite a few reasons for this: financial dependence, children’s well-being, shame, and so on. But these are all the same manifestations of Stockholm syndrome.
Or the cause of the syndrome may be the relationship between parents and children - when the child has the feeling that he is not loved. And he blames himself for this, that he is the wrong person, that there is nothing to love him for. Thus, the same victim psychology arises: do not argue, even if you are wrong, and you will not be punished. This is a very difficult situation, because the child cannot change anything, being dependent on the tyrant at home.
In addition, Stockholm syndrome often occurs in victims of rape.
LONG TREATMENT
It is easy to acquire this painful addiction, but getting rid of it is much more difficult. Here you simply need the help of an experienced psychiatrist. A person suffering from Stockholm syndrome is not aware that something is wrong with him.
His behavior and beliefs seem logical to him. It is as if he is isolated from the outside world with its normal concepts. It is known that psychological rehabilitation after a kidnapping or hostage-taking occurs quite quickly; the doctor, as a rule, manages to put “good” and “bad” in their place.
The situation is more complicated with the household syndrome. It is difficult to convince victims of domestic violence that they need help. They do not want to leave their world, although life in it is not very good. To help the victim overcome the syndrome, first of all, you need someone who will provide material and moral support.
This is necessary so that the victim feels more confident and does not perceive the situation as hopeless. Treatment of Stockholm syndrome must begin as early as possible, otherwise the process will become irreversible.
Of course, you wouldn’t want anyone to find themselves in conditions where this syndrome occurs, but forewarned is forearmed. We don’t know what surprises the subconscious can present in a stressful situation. Therefore, psychologists advise maintaining inner convictions, even if you have to appear submissive.
That is, you need to analyze your internal state and not lose the ability to think logically. And sooner or later there will be a way out of any hopeless situation.
Galina BELYSHEVA
Treatment of Stockholm syndrome
It is almost impossible for someone suffering from Stockholm syndrome to recover on their own. Therefore, psychiatrists or third-party people who can have the same influence, comparable to the power of influence of that same maniac, should come to the rescue. The main problem of people suffering from this disease is that it is difficult or even almost impossible to convince them that the situation is really out of control, and they are being subjected to cruelty. They continue to look for the cause within themselves, delving into their own heads all day long, going even deeper into yourself. Stockholm syndrome is more common in women than in men . This is due to the emotional state and vulnerable soul of the weak half of humanity.
There is only one way out - the victim must be confident in the future, she must see that life goes on, that there are still some other positive moments in it that are worth being distracted for. This will help you get back on your feet and feel a surge of fresh strength.
Often, treatment does not end after a couple of months of conversation with a psychotherapist; usually it takes years of diligent auto-training and drug treatment. But you shouldn’t stop, each person is a separate independent person who should not be led by anyone else.
Still from the film “V for Vendetta”, 2006. Natalie Portman’s heroine at some point began to sympathize with the kidnapper of “V”
Films and books about Stockholm syndrome
Let's look at cinema first. Once Upon a Time in Stockholm (Stockholm – title in English) is a film directed by Canadian-born Robert Boudreau in 2021. Despite the fact that the film makes a direct reference to the Stockholm story (“Based on a true and absurd story”), it is difficult to tie it to the actual situation. The film is an ordinary comedy, exposing and to some extent ironizing the fact that romantic relationships can arise between criminals and hostages.
The characters themselves seem very funny. Typical of the comedy genre, they do not look like full-fledged criminals at all, and this is noticeable even by the stage image that appears before the viewer, and their behavior does not at all symbolize a serious criminal motive.
Overall, if you want to spend a cozy evening and watch some comedy, you can choose this film. However, do not look for deep references to the situation, documentary information, and do not consider it as an educational cinematic work. Let us quote the words of Dmitry Sosnovsky, the author of film reviews from the Rossiyskaya Gazeta: “Stockholm” does not even try to be a commentary – even if ironic – on an amazing psychological phenomenon and an incident that successfully illustrated it. This is just not a very balanced farce with cute performers who most of the time have to make faces and pretend to be cute mugs in trouble" [D. Sosnovsky, 2019].
Another reflection of the problem under consideration, already in a literary role, was a book with the direct title “Stockholm Syndrome”. However, this story has absolutely no connection to the banking incident. What is happening in the plot concerns a single, wealthy man of about 30 years old, who has gained fame as a genius, a recognized scientist, as well as a young girl student. At the same time, he has mental disorders associated with a rare form of kleptomania, which is why the kidnapped girl is faced with the task of writing a book about the life of a billionaire.
In general, it can be noted that this is a typical romance novel from the author Emilia Green. If you are a lover of love stories filled with psychological delights, then this book is for you.
However, there is another book that directly describes the problem of identification with the aggressor, it is called “Loving a Monster.” The authors of the book are the famous profiler Mickey Knox and the American forensic psychologist Robert Ressler.
The book tells the story of three famous cases of Stockholm syndrome, provides psychological analysis, competent conclusions, and then follows the second part, which includes a fictional story. Therefore, if you are interested in reading additional literature on the topic of the syndrome, feel free to read this work.
At the moment, we have become acquainted with the main interpretation of the Stockholm syndrome (criminal area). However, there are many other areas where it is possible and even necessary to apply the mechanism of its action. Let's take a closer look at them.
From the history of the concept
Nils Biggeroth is the creator of the very concept of “Stockholm syndrome” . The essence and history of the term “Stockholm syndrome” dates back to 1973. Then the terrorists took hostages in the bank and held them at gunpoint for almost a week. At first everything went according to the standard scenario. But later during the siege, the police were shocked when they realized that the hostages were doing their best to protect their offenders, while preventing them from doing their job. What followed was something completely strange. After the terrorists were taken into custody, the hostages demanded amnesty, and one divorced her husband and swore that she would be faithful to one of the hostages, who had recently threatened to kill her. After some time, the two women “victims” became engaged to their offenders. Since then, the syndrome when the victim falls in love with his tormentor is called Stockholm syndrome.
Criticism
There is an entire community that rejects the validity of Stockholm Syndrome and claims that it is a pure fabrication created by the media and an excuse for the actions of victims in the absence of others. Due to the lack of clear criteria for identifying this disorder, as well as its non-inclusion in the generally accepted guidelines for examination and diagnosis in the practice of psychiatrists, it is difficult to talk about its scientific usefulness.
One of the famous legal journalists, Erin Fuchs, in her opinion piece, quotes Emory University clinical psychiatrist Nadine Kaslow, explaining that there is too little evidence that Stockholm syndrome exists; it is talked about more in the media [E. Fuchs, 2013].
More disconcerting are the words of American journalist and author Robert Wright: “This is a completely new experience for us <...> But what is really interesting is that the term “Stockholm syndrome” was coined by a psychiatrist who did not even interview the woman he describes.”
Based on his opinion, Stockholm syndrome is a myth created to discredit female victims of violence, to obscure their attempts to consciously protect themselves from it, and to divert attention from the main events that occurred during the course of that episode. Moreover, Roberts points out, this myth was created to silence those who, having become victims of violence, find the strength to publicly criticize public institutions [I. Badhwar, 2017].
A similar position is taken by Dr. Alan Wade from the Center for Evidence-Based Practice, who admits to being the first psychiatrist to interview one of the bank’s hostages, Christine Enmark. It was he who meaningfully altered the Stockholm situation, noted how Christine resisted the invaders, united with other victims, united and carefully resisted the aggressors, and acted in the face of an erroneous law enforcement strategy. From these positions, Wade shows how the focus was deliberately shifted from what was happening inside the walls of the bank to the psychological reactions of the hostages, especially women [A. Wade, 2015].
Domestic psychologist Natalya Korobkova in her blog also points out that such a behavioral model of the hostages occurred precisely because of the emergence of sympathy, but not as a form of disorder, but as a special case. The hostage girls were relatively young, pleasant-looking, and one of the criminals, as was later proven, did not take any part in the abuse at all; the other did not take any action related to violence. These circumstances together became the reason for the rapprochement of the participants in the situation [N. Korobkova, 2019].
And before moving on to the conclusion, we suggest that you take a short test so that you can check how well you have mastered the material in the article:
