A stroke is a sudden disruption of cerebral circulation. Just a few years ago, this disease threatened, as a rule, only older people, but in recent years, the accelerated pace of life, a stressful environment and a deteriorating environmental situation have led to the fact that stroke is increasingly affecting young people. Ischemic stroke is considered an extremely dangerous pathology, since one of its consequences is disability and death. Specialists at the Neurology Clinic of the Yusupov Hospital provide timely, high-level medical care, which minimizes the risk of complications.
There are three stages of chronic cerebral ischemia:
- Stage 1 (initial) is characterized by a large number of various complaints of headache, irritability, insomnia, a feeling of “heaviness” in the head, decreased memory for immediate events, fatigue, poor coordination of movements, and instability when walking. These changes are not noticeable to others and patients remain adapted to society. A neurological examination reveals minimal symptoms, a clear neurological deficit has not yet formed, and adequate therapy can reduce or eliminate individual manifestations of the disease.
- Stage 2 (subcompensation) the frequency of complaints about loss of memory and performance, instability, and dizziness increases. A leading clinical syndrome is formed, and a neurological deficit becomes obvious. Cognitive, personality, and emotional-volitional disorders worsen. Adaptation to society and professional skills fade, but the possibility of self-care remains.
- Stage 3 (decompensation) Objective neurological disorders come to the fore. The number of complaints decreases due to decreased criticism of one’s condition. On examination, several well-defined neurological syndromes are noticeable. Cognitive impairments at the advanced stage of chronic cerebral ischemia are very often the leading cause of disability, their everyday adaptation suffers, patients are unable to work, require constant outside care, and vascular dementia develops.
In the clinic of chronic cerebral ischemia, several main neurological syndromes are distinguished. These include cephalgic, vestibulo-atactic, psychopathological, paroxysmal syndrome, pyramidal insufficiency, pseudobulbar syndrome.
Cephalgic syndrome is characterized by pain in various parts of the head. Often there is no connection between headaches and hemodynamic disorders. As chronic cerebral ischemia progresses, headache attacks become less frequent.
Vestibulo-atactic syndrome is one of the most common in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia. It includes vertigo, loss of coordination, instability, and noise in the head. These complaints arise from circulatory failure in the vertebrobasilar system, as well as age-related changes in the vestibular apparatus, ischemia of the vestibulocochlear nerve.
Paroxysmal disorders in chronic cerebral ischemia are varied and include episodes of transient global amnesia, syncope, drop attacks, and epileptic seizures. The severity of such conditions increases as ischemia and concomitant diseases progress.
Mental disorders are often present at all stages of chronic cerebral ischemia. At first, they are of the nature of asthenoneurotic, depressive, and anxiety disorders; at stages II-III, they are joined by cognitive impairment, and dementia occurs.
Symptoms of left-sided ischemic stroke
In accordance with the localization of the brain catastrophe in a particular part of the brain, a stroke can be right-hemisphere or left-hemisphere. The disease develops according to the principle of “reverse symmetry”: with a right hemisphere stroke, paralysis of the left side of the body develops, with a left hemisphere stroke, on the contrary, paralysis of the right side.
The hemispheres of the brain are responsible for different functions. The left is for language and thinking abilities, the right is for creative and emotional. In view of this, with a left hemisphere stroke, the patient experiences a speech disorder, which is manifested by slurred speech, difficulties with the coherent expression of one’s thoughts, and with understanding what is heard. With a right hemisphere stroke, these symptoms are usually absent, and therefore this form of stroke is much more difficult to recognize.
Most often, the main cause of vascular circulation disorders in the brain is blood clots. They arise due to hypertension and lead to blockage of the lumen of the vessel. In addition, pathology can be caused by diseases such as high blood viscosity, rapid clotting, disorders of the heart and blood vessels, metabolism, diabetes mellitus, and slow blood circulation. Very often, ischemic stroke affects those who have had a heart attack, surgery to install a heart valve, or suffer from frequent headaches and migraines.
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The majority of cases (up to 60%) occur in right hemisphere stroke. To diagnose it, it is necessary to take into account that this type of stroke affects the appearance of the left side of the face and the condition of the body. A left-sided stroke is manifested by disruption of the facial muscles on the left side: drooping of the corner of the mouth and the outer corner of the eye. Partial or complete paralysis of the left side of the body occurs. The function of internal organs located on the left side of the body may be impaired.
In addition, left-sided stroke is manifested by other symptoms:
- paralysis of the left eye;
- hearing impairment;
- impaired perception of the left side of the body: the limbs become disobedient, it is difficult to assess the distance from the limbs to objects or the size of the limb;
- the appearance of inexplicable aggression, inappropriate behavior, depression;
- inability to perceive colors.
- change in speech;
- disturbance of mental activity;
- memory loss;
- misunderstanding the meaning of words.
When a part of the brain located in the central part is damaged, as a rule, complete immobility of the limbs occurs. When the lesion is localized in the parietal region, the patient has difficulty perceiving heat, cold, and pain.
After confirming the diagnosis, it is important to provide first aid to the patient competently and promptly. The specialists at the Yusupov Hospital have extensive experience in treating strokes; thanks to their practical skills, it is possible to minimize the severe consequences of this disease.
Basic examinations in patients with chronic cerebral ischemia:
- MRI of the brain, preferably with angiography
- blood pressure and ECG monitoring.
- general blood test, general urinalysis, biochemical blood test, coagulogram, blood lipid spectrum.
- fundus examination
- examination by an otoneurologist
- neuropsychological study.
- CDK BCS, TKDG, ECHO-KG
- examination by a psychotherapist to identify anxiety-depressive conditions and cognitive deficits).
Treatment and prevention of chronic cerebral ischemia should be aimed at correcting the current vascular disease. The focus is on antihypertensive therapy, prevention of thrombosis, and lowering blood cholesterol levels. Also an important component of treatment is the correction of concomitant diseases (diabetes mellitus, heart rhythm disturbances, heart failure, obesity), sleep disorders and anxiety-depressive disorders. Vascular therapy, neuroprotection, and improvement of neurometabolism play a significant role. A comprehensive treatment is recommended, including non-drug methods of influence: psychotherapy, exercise therapy, massage, physiotherapeutic treatment.
The First Neurology clinic presents a variety of hardware techniques that help improve cerebral circulation, such as mesodiencephalic modulation (MDM therapy), brain micropolarization, and electrosleep. Using the modern CEFALY neurostimulation technique, the intensity of headaches decreases, memory and concentration improve.
Diagnosis of ischemic stroke
If an ischemic stroke is suspected at the Yusupov Hospital, the patient undergoes laboratory tests and is examined using instrumental methods using modern equipment from leading companies in Europe, the USA and Japan. The results of the examination allow us to make an accurate diagnosis and prescribe adequate therapy. In order to determine the type of stroke and determine whether the left or right side of the brain is affected, computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging is performed. Immediately after neuroimaging of a stroke, the following studies are performed:
- electrocardiography;
- ultrasonography;
- blood tests.
The patient is then examined by an ophthalmologist and an endocrinologist. Later, additional diagnostic procedures are performed:
- X-ray of the skull;
- chest x-ray;
- electroencephalogram;
- echocardiography.
After an accurate diagnosis is made, treatment for ischemic stroke is prescribed.
Our specialists
Tarasova Svetlana Vitalievna
Expert No. 1 in the treatment of headaches and migraines. Head of the Center for the Treatment of Pain and Multiple Sclerosis.
Somnologist.
Epileptologist. Botulinum therapist. The doctor is a neurologist of the highest category. Physiotherapist. Doctor of Medical Sciences.
Experience: 23 years.Derevianko Leonid Sergeevich
Head of the Center for Diagnostics and Treatment of Sleep Disorders.
The doctor is a neurologist of the highest category. Vertebrologist. Somnologist. Epileptologist. Botulinum therapist. Physiotherapist. Experience: 23 years.
Palagin Maxim Anatolievich
The doctor is a neurologist. Somnologist. Epileptologist. Botulinum therapist. Physiotherapist. Experience: 6 years.
Romanova Tatyana Alexandrovna
Pediatric neurologist. Experience: 24 years.
Temina Lyudmila Borisovna
Pediatric neurologist of the highest category. Candidate of Medical Sciences.
Experience: 46 years.
Zhuravleva Nadezhda Vladimirovna
Head of the center for diagnosis and treatment of myasthenia gravis.
The doctor is a neurologist of the highest category. Physiotherapist. Experience: 16 years.
Mizonov Sergey Vladimirovich
The doctor is a neurologist. Chiropractor. Osteopath. Physiotherapist. Experience: 8 years.
Bezgina Elena Vladimirovna
The doctor is a neurologist of the highest category. Botulinum therapist. Physiotherapist. Experience: 24 years.
Drozdova Lyubov Vladimirovna
The doctor is a neurologist. Vertebroneurologist. Ozone therapist. Physiotherapist. Experience: 17 years.
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