What does healthy self-esteem and self-confidence depend on?

Confidence is a vital personality trait. What does it give to a person? Firstly, a feeling of happiness. Anyone who has low self-esteem is prone to constant self-criticism and doubts about their actions. It is not surprising that in such cases life flies by and there is no need to talk about happiness and success. A self-confident person has a positive assessment of his skills and abilities, which means he can more easily achieve his goals.

In this article we will talk about what causes self-doubt and analyze effective methods for increasing self-esteem. First, let's talk about the concept of “self-esteem” and its functions.

Self-Esteem Functions

In psychology, self-esteem is considered an important component of personality, which has a number of functions.

Regulatory

Ensures that a person performs tasks and makes decisions.

It evaluates, provides protection, and stimulates the achievement of goals.

Protective

It allows the individual to become independent and develop relative stability.

Developmental

A person strives to improve his skills and abilities and is constantly developing.

Reflective

Self-esteem shows a person’s awareness of his actions and traits.

Emotional

Provides a feeling of satisfaction with one's life, qualities and characteristics.

Adaptive

Self-esteem will allow a person to adapt to society and the world around him.

Prognostic

Thanks to this function, human activity is regulated at the beginning of his activity.

Corrective

Allows you to provide control during life.

Retrospective

A person evaluates his behavior and work at the final stage of his journey.

Motivating

It encourages a person to act in order to achieve approval and receive positive self-esteem reactions in the form of satisfaction, pride in oneself, self-esteem, and improved self-perception.

Terminal

If certain actions provoke criticism and develop a person's feeling of dissatisfaction with himself, in this situation he stops his activities.

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Self-awareness is stable and retains its characteristics regardless of the influence of external stimuli.

Self-confidence and personality perception depend on what aspirations a person has and how reality matches them.

Types of personality self-esteem in psychology

In psychology, there are three types of self-esteem. The classification is based on the degree to which a person’s self-importance corresponds to objective data. The more realistically a person evaluates himself, the more successful his relationships with people are and the higher his success in all areas of life.

Adequate self-esteem

With this type of self-perception, a person’s assessment coincides with reality. A person soberly realizes his strengths and weaknesses, knows his capabilities and needs, and determines his inner potential.

Such a person is capable of self-criticism and working on mistakes. Weaknesses are eliminated and strong characteristics are cultivated.

Inadequate self-esteem

Distorted self-esteem suggests that a person’s opinion of himself is far from objective. Radical self-perception can be overestimated or underestimated when a person either does not accept himself at all or believes that he has qualities that are not actually inherent in him. Inadequate self-esteem interferes with communication and professional achievement.

Mixed self-esteem

In this case, a person treats himself differently at different periods of his life, sometimes he shows more confidence, sometimes he becomes weak and complex.

We can also talk about a mixed view if we really look at ourselves in terms of some qualities, but inadequately in terms of other characteristics. For example, we confidently achieve success in our profession, but in our personal lives we consider ourselves unworthy of a suitable partner.

The process of forming self-esteem

The beginning of self-awareness as an individual begins in childhood. The child learns to understand the essence of comparisons, and self-esteem develops. Parents should be careful when speaking about their children's progress; telling them that others are doing better is not motivating.

A teenager should not think that his loved ones love him only if he surpasses his peers. He needs support and faith. But praising does not help to form adequate self-esteem. If adults raised a child on praise, then after puberty he will not develop and eradicate shortcomings.

Excessive amounts of compliments and flattery contribute to the fact that in adulthood a person will be unsociable. This behavior is the result of a combination of parental actions and harsh reality.

Problems with self-esteem arise under the influence of the environment, financial situation, and education. The development of low confidence occurs in school. If in adolescence a person was bullied in an educational institution, he will struggle with complexes and phobias all his life.

Self-doubt is aggravated by comparing your financial situation with successful people. But self-esteem is an indicator that does not remain for life, but is constantly changing.

Physiology and Self-Esteem Research

Levels of self-esteem at the extreme upper and lower limits can be critical; balancing somewhere in the middle is considered ideal. A realistic but positive view of oneself is generally considered ideal.

Research suggests that parental involvement and willingness to give teens independence and autonomy have a positive impact on self-esteem. And children raised in single-parent families, in families of alcoholics and drug addicts, people suffering from phobias, as a rule, have low self-esteem.

High self-esteem serves mental stability and positive adaptation. People with high self-esteem are happier, more optimistic, and more motivated than people with low self-esteem.

Brain scans show that if our self-esteem is higher, we are likely to experience less negative emotions from breakups, rejection, failures, and bounce back faster. Experience less depression, fear and anxiety. Our body releases less cortisol when under stress, and cortisol itself breaks down faster and is less retained in the body.

Self-esteem structure

The self-esteem of a man and a woman consists of several components.

Cognitive component

Self-esteem in psychology includes a cognitive component. These are a person’s beliefs, his way of navigating the world, his breadth of judgment, and his ability to express an opinion about himself. With the help of this component, a person displays what he knows about himself.

Emotional component

This term denotes the emotions that a person experiences towards evaluative characteristics and feelings about this. This component reflects the individual's attitude towards himself.

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By assessing one’s own skills and qualities, a person combines both components of self-esteem; it is impossible to separate them from each other. A person gains individual knowledge about himself during communication with others, then emotions appear depending on how much this communication means for the individual.

Each person's components are formed differently. Psychologists say that they can be developed by:

1. High level. The child forms an opinion about himself based on his real qualities.
2. Average The average level is characterized by a tendency to inconsistent manifestations of realistic self-esteem. A person is guided in this by the opinions of others, analyzes specific facts and situations.
3. Low. This condition is accompanied by an inadequate assessment of the individual’s abilities.

Unstable parameters of self-esteem lead to disruption of self-government and deterioration of self-control.

Self-esteem is formed between the ages of 5 and 9 years. First she is influenced by her parents, later by teachers at school. But in later life, being under the influence of society, the desire for the better, current events, and the attitudes of others, she may fluctuate.

This is noticeable in communication processes; a person cannot establish contact with others and often provokes conflicts.

TOP 5 books to raise self-esteem

1. "The Six Pillars of Self-Esteem" by Nathaniel Branden. The book is considered a classic of psychology. The author describes six practices for strengthening and increasing self-esteem.
2. “Life without boundaries. The path to an amazingly beautiful life" Nick Vujicic. The author was born without arms and legs, but found his own way to live life to the fullest. By his example, he inspires a variety of people.
3. "Confidence" by Caroline Foren. The author, based on his own experience and the results of modern research, describes simple tools and exercises that help get rid of anxiety, complexes and fears.
4. “One habit a week. Change yourself in a year" Brett Blumenthal. The author offers a method of “small changes” to change your life significantly. Over the course of a year, you need to make one small positive change in your life every week.
5. "What to Dream About" Barbara Sher. The author offers a way to find within yourself that very cherished dream for which you want to wake up in the morning.

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Levels of self-esteem

The classification distinguishes three levels.

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They demonstrate a degree of self-love and the ability to balance positive and negative character traits:

1. Low. This problem occurs when parenting is inappropriate, domineering, or overprotective. The person has pronounced self-criticism, uncertainty, and shyness. Such people are easily offended, lack initiative, and find it difficult to communicate with others. This leads to the formation of complexes and the development of depression. Due to internal imbalance, a person lashes out at others and causes scandals among family members and colleagues at work. His gait is hesitant, his head is pulled into his shoulders, and when talking, he looks away to the side. They are trying to get rid of this through training and following the recommendations of psychologists.
2. Normal self-esteem indicates the absence of mental problems. A person listens to his inner voice, adequately analyzes his actions, and jokes about himself. But he defends his rights and will not allow insults. This is the optimal level and you should strive for it. Such individuals correctly correlate their own strengths with their goals. The development of such self-esteem is influenced by thoughts, the structure of perception, the assessment of others, success at work or at school.
3. A high self-evaluation. The main sign of this condition is that the person idealizes himself and exaggerates his importance to others. Such conceit is expressed in arrogance and excessive activity. If confidence goes through the roof, then you need to correct the situation. Inadequate self-esteem requires recognition of superiority. A person denies failures and does not pay attention to other people’s opinions. If he fails to achieve success, then he attributes this to the influence of external circumstances, but not to his mistakes. He does not accept criticism, considers it the envy of others, and sets unattainable goals for himself. Such a person has a characteristic appearance: he maintains an upright posture and holds his head high. When communicating, he looks straight into the eyes, holding his gaze for a long time, he is used to commanding, so command notes can be heard in his voice.

The reason for inadequate self-esteem is unfavorable living conditions, upbringing and environment. But if you have the desire, you can fight the shortcomings. There are many examples of how the low self-esteem of women and men changed, and the person turned into a liberated and strong personality.

Incorrect self-evaluation disrupts self-government and leads to loss of control. This can be seen during communication, when a person with high or low self-esteem provokes conflicts. If a person considers himself better than others, then he neglects others and does not show respect, allows himself to be rudely and unreasonably criticized, is intolerant of opinions, is arrogant and shows arrogance. A low level of criticality leads to the fact that a person does not even notice how he offends others with arrogance and indisputable judgment.

With a low opinion of oneself, a person becomes overly critical. She is demanding, does not forgive mistakes and mistakes, and pays attention to the shortcomings of other people. Although he does this with the best intentions, it causes conflicts, since not everyone can tolerate systematic instructions and criticism. Gradually, he causes only negative emotions in others.

Confidence. A clear guide to getting rid of fears, complexes and anxieties

Caroline Foren

Publishing house Alpina Digital, 2019

How we evaluate ourselves and how we see ourselves determines everything that is discussed in this book - confidence, courage, fear of failure, success - absolutely everything. For me, a person's self-confidence and ability to act bravely at any moment are determined by what he thinks about both himself and his character. Please note: self-esteem is not the same as self-confidence, it is a sense of self-worth.

Self-confidence is associated with action. You can even say that it is all based on action (remember, we mentioned the expression “depends on the subject area”?), While self-esteem is a broader phenomenon. It reflects how you view yourself in the world - are you a worthwhile person?

This is your opinion about yourself, and it is located somewhere in the back of your mind. You don't think about it every day and you don't tend to change your point of view without conscious effort, but that doesn't mean it's unshakable. According to Dr. Neil Burton, author of Heaven and Hell: The Psychology of the Emotions, self-esteem is a conscious and emotional assessment of one’s importance in the world, the basis of which is different for everyone.

For one person, it is based on the approval of others. For others, at their own work. For others, it’s in their personal lives. When developing self-confidence, it is useful to also pay attention to self-esteem.

If you have healthy self-esteem (that is, you consider yourself a worthwhile person and love yourself regardless of your achievements), it will be easier to develop confidence

What is the difference between healthy and low self-esteem? Psychotherapist Mark Tyrrell argues that if you have healthy self-esteem, you attribute failure (failure at an interview or failed romance) to circumstances (for example, “Our relationship has run its course” or “I don’t have enough skills for this job”) and these conclusions do not affect your personality. On the other hand, with low self-esteem, you attach a universal dimension to these events (for example, “What is wrong with me?”, “Life is not good,” “I am no good for anything,” “I am not meant to be happy,” “I Nothing works for me”, etc.). “Then,” says Tyrrell, “we are dealing with a type of maximalism, a type of thinking that recognizes only black or white, all or nothing, and this lowers self-esteem.”

I myself noticed that after some failures (when events did not turn out the way I had hoped), I questioned the value of my own personality. This is very bad. At the same time, pay attention to the wording “healthy self-esteem,” as opposed to “high self-esteem.” Tyrrell explains that self-esteem should not be inflated, because then it is most often combined with low self-control, which can often be observed in psychopaths. “If you believe that no matter what you are blameless (and therefore always someone else’s fault), such a fantasy is no better than low self-esteem.”

This is as fruitless as self-deprecation. Tyrrell continues: “Self-esteem is a by-product of meeting emotional needs and a healthy habit of self-observation and introspection, calm and sober.” So if you evaluate yourself after an unfavorable turn of events, you probably won't be too kind to yourself. So instead, focus on the circumstances. Of course, there are people who are confident but have low self-esteem (think of a celebrity), but more often than not, confidence comes much easier if you have healthy self-esteem. Moreover, if you do everything right in this direction, fear of failure will not turn into a colossal problem for you.

Ask yourself: If I fail or succeed, is it related to my sense of self-worth? Ultimately, you need to figure out whether success or failure in something is related to your perception of your own self-worth. Know that just like uncertainty in relationships, fear of failure increases when we feel that failure is a reflection of our personality traits. Some people, Tyrrell says, view everything that happens to them in life through the prism of their own worth. Are you that kind of person? Don't worry, I'm also trying to convince myself that I'm not like that. It's hard. Breaking this habit requires a kind of art.

Whether you are burned out on a particular business or not is not a reason to change your attitude towards yourself. To gain insight into your self-worth and how you perceive your own worth, ask yourself what matters most to you and how you define success. If the answer lies in the area of ​​professional achievements, then everything is very neglected. If you feel that you are happy and life has meaning only when you achieve success, and without this you feel like a worthless person, then you need to reconsider your values. Because life consists of inevitable ups and downs with long neutral periods in between. This will be a constant obstacle for you. I'm not saying that professional goals don't matter—they mean a lot to me, for example—but they're not what make me a naturally good (I hope) and worthwhile person. If, no matter how things go, you value yourself equally, then failure becomes much easier to handle because confidence becomes less of a nebulous matter and takes on tangible characteristics.

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Factors influencing the formation of self-esteem

The reasons for low self-esteem lie in childhood and are influenced by a number of factors.

Social

Even from infancy, the first inclinations of future self-esteem appear. Sometimes children grow up in an environment that does not meet the requirements of pedagogy and psychology. During upbringing in families and educational institutions, little attention is paid to individual and age-related characteristics, and they do not take into account that the child must make his own assessment of the world.

Ideas in society are distorted, so it is impossible to achieve full cultural and social development.

If a person's self-esteem is influenced by the attitude of other people, then his position in society will also influence it. It is assessed not based on the achievements of a particular person, but by looking at the status of the family. Therefore, at a young age, in order to establish one’s own value, it matters what relatives, friends and neighbors think about him.

Personal

In forming an opinion about himself, a person is guided by his own behavior, internal standards and values. The more discrepancies with the standard view of the world, the lower the self-esteem.

Although people evaluate themselves and other people according to the same criteria, they are more strict with themselves. The formation of self-esteem involves internal experiences that others do not have access to.

Serious changes in personality self-esteem are observed in adolescence. Children begin to pay more attention to appearance and listen to the opinions of others. They begin to be critical of themselves, noticing the slightest shortcomings and highlighting their strengths. Age-related characteristics prevent you from adequately assessing yourself and drawing the right conclusions. A self-esteem test for teenagers will help detect problems with self-esteem. Parents and teachers must take measures of psychological influence to prevent the teenager from becoming an insecure and uninitiative person.

Life depends on your attitude towards yourself. When underestimating one's abilities, a person is prone to passivity, is less popular, constantly seeks confirmation of his own inferiority, and becomes dependent on outside opinions. Such people do not believe compliments and often remain lonely. Diagnosing the problem will help you select methods and technologies to solve it.

Family

Self-esteem is formed in the family.

Psychologists are convinced that the structure of personality is formed during the first five years of life.

At this time, the child feels vulnerable and emotionally attached to the family. Therefore, parents must provide help and understand what consequences are possible if they mistreat their child.

Low self-esteem arises if they demand obedience, teach you to adapt to other people and be neat, and interact with others without conflict. If a child is prohibited from doing many things and his right to his own opinion is not taken into account, then this causes an inadequate assessment. If parents say that he won’t succeed, that he is not educated enough and similar things, then gradually the child will think that this is so, because who knows better than his mother what is right.

Such communication with children, an attempt to put them in a subordinate position leads to psychological breakdown. This destroys the child’s trust; he perceives the world around him with hostility and does not consider himself valuable to it. To raise self-esteem, parents should demand less from their children, and support more and allow them to make their own decisions.

Average self-esteem is formed if parents take a condescending and patronizing position towards the child. They are tolerant of children's behavior, but do not allow them to act and make decisions on their own, as this causes anxiety. The child is prevented from gaining independent experience and opening up outside the home.

Next on the scale is high self-esteem. It appears if the child lives in a close-knit and solidary family, where they support and respect each other. In the child’s eyes, the parents are successful, the mother has a positive attitude towards herself and her husband. In such families, children readily follow the patterns of behavior given to them and feel confident in their abilities. They are not exposed to stress, are friendly, live by the principle of a realistic assessment of themselves, and cultivate strengths and weaknesses.

Children who tend to overestimate their self-esteem only go forward, they set goals and try to achieve them by any means. Those who are accustomed to underestimating their capabilities prefer modest goals and are not confident that they will achieve them.

To avoid low self-esteem syndromes and provide the child with self-confidence, parents must be willing to perceive him as he is, but objectively, without excessive condescension. Discipline should be built on the principles of justice, establish clear and achievable standards of behavior for the child, and provide him with a value system that will allow him to become an individual with reliable guidelines, capable of differentiating successful actions from unsuccessful ones.

In education, you need to use general principles, and not give scattered instructions that are confusing. In the future, this will provide confidence in actions and create favorable conditions for forming an opinion about yourself.

If parents provide external control at the proper level, this will form the ability to control their actions. The social environment for the child will be orderly, and he will feel comfortable in the world and will trust others. This will teach you how to regulate relationships with other individuals.

But when social reinforcement is vague and inconsistent, self-esteem is damaged.

If you outline the images and rules of behavior, this method will allow you to create a self-image in a child. Research shows that already in the early stages of his development, a person learns to understand the difference between himself and other people, understands how desires differ from reality.

Parental demands demonstrate parental concern for well-being. Therefore, if you tell him: “Do whatever you want, just leave me alone,” this shows that he is not worth caring for.

Self-esteem tests help identify its level. Tests are carried out in adolescence, since during this period deviations in personality formation are more pronounced.

Principles of "self"

Self-assessment of activity based on the principle of “self” is also called internalization of other people’s assessments. This is the theory of the mirror self. Such shifts are sustainable and, along with the main self-esteem, those that were not affected by the assessment of society change. When receiving an inflated group assessment, the level of aspiration gradually increases, which goes beyond the limits of qualities considered positive.

More global metamorphoses under the influence of external assessments are observed if a person thinks that all his comrades have this opinion about him. But it is worth remembering that people’s temperament and sensitivity to other people’s opinions differ. There are people who don't care about the opinions of others. But there are also individuals who try to meet the expectations of others and rebuild themselves according to their desires. They are sensitive to negative judgments about themselves.

This indicator determines the degree of development of self-esteem, self-worth and a positive attitude towards one’s “I”. If symptoms of low confidence are identified, you need to figure out how to improve your self-esteem. Many techniques are used for this, so you can choose the right one for each specific case and get rid of the problem.

It is necessary to correct personal problems, since subsequently the person will limit communication with others and protect himself from emotions. He will become a lonely hermit, which, combined with uncertainty and the belief in his own uselessness, will turn life into a real hell.

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Effective methods to increase self-esteem

The most important step on the path to self-improvement is to recognize that there is a problem. Often a person disguises it behind other feelings and deliberately avoids resolving the issue. As soon as awareness comes, you can safely move on to the following methods of increasing self-confidence:

1. Keep a diary of achievements. This step does not require any serious financial or time expenditure. It's simple: at the end of each day, take 10-15 minutes to write down your small and big victories that happened to you today. Maybe you read a book or finally got up an hour earlier than usual? You can always find a reason to praise. This will help you develop a positive mindset every day and focus your vision on personal success. It is important to re-read your notes daily.
2. Change your environment. Evaluate those with whom you communicate most often. If there are negative people in your circle, refuse to interact with them. More often you are in the company of positive and successful people who are confident and have a positive attitude towards you.
3. Play sports. The best way to distract yourself and clear your thoughts of negativity is physical exercise. In addition, if low self-esteem is associated with external data, sports will help you get in shape. By the way, during sports, our body produces the hormone of happiness - dopamine.
4. Give up self-criticism and soul-searching. You won’t be able to increase your self-esteem if you constantly scold yourself for something or constantly express dissatisfaction with your appearance and abilities. Praise yourself more often and think positive thoughts.
5. Avoid comparisons. Each of you is a unique person with your own individual set of qualities, strengths and weaknesses. Remember that there will always be those who have achieved greater results than you. In this case, it is worth taking an example from them, and not engaging in self-flagellation. Better yet, compare yourself today with yourself yesterday, and track your growth by recording your achievements in the diary we talked about above.
6. Listen and say affirmations. Affirmation is a positive judgment that creates the right psychological attitude. These are our statements and beliefs, thoughts, feelings and desires that we want to have right now. It is important to formulate affirmations in the present tense. For example: “I have a prestigious and highly paid job”, “I am beautiful and healthy”, “I am a happy person”.
7. Get out of your comfort zone. Yes, many people have heard about this method, but not everyone decides to do it, because it’s so comfortable and safe to be in your “shell.” Face your problem. Do you feel insecure when you are in a new company? Visit crowded places and events more often and be the first to start a conversation. Our online program “Best Communication Techniques” will be an excellent assistant for you, where you will learn how to interact more effectively with people thanks to interesting communication techniques. You just have to take a step and you will understand that everything is not as scary as it seemed at first glance.
8. Attend trainings. There are many different training activities aimed at increasing self-esteem and gaining self-confidence, so all you have to do is choose the one that’s right for you. If you are not yet ready to take the training, watch a movie or read a book on a current topic.
9. Forgive yourself. Uncertainty is often a consequence of feeling guilty about oneself. None of us are immune from mistakes, and it is important to be able to forgive ourselves for them. Write yourself a note and tell in it about your feelings, emotions, thoughts, problems, failures, and be sure to forgive yourself in writing for everything for which you feel guilty.
10. Meditate. Meditation helps you completely relax physically and let go of your thoughts. There are many different techniques aimed at getting rid of self-resentment and achieving peace.

Self-confidence is not an innate quality, but rather formed in the process of life. Your main task on the path to healthy self-esteem is to love yourself, learn to believe in your own strength, which is only possible through daily work on yourself and your thoughts.

Do what you love, do not deny yourself small and big joys, always think about the good and then everything will work out!

Good luck!

We also recommend reading:

• Storytelling
• The Complete Guide to Self-Confidence
• Egocentrism
• Psychological picture
• Self-criticism
• Formation of correct self-esteem
• Conditions for character formation
• Formation of self-awareness
• How to increase self-esteem: practice from the field of NLP
• Three masks of pathological narcissism
• Overcoming impostor syndrome

Key words: 1 Communication, 1 Psychoregulation

How to determine a preschooler's self-esteem

Diagnostics of self-esteem helps to identify problems of personality development and self-knowledge of children of senior preschool age. Timely detected assessment deviations from the norm are easily corrected. The “Ladder” technique is a well-known method for diagnosing the type of self-esteem of a preschooler. The test helps to identify the attitude towards oneself, as well as determine how, in one’s opinion, others evaluate him. Such testing is quite accessible to parents. It can be done in a playful way.

To carry out the test, you will need a sheet of paper, a drawn staircase of seven steps, a figurine of a boy or girl, and a pencil. You need to ask the children to place the figure opposite the step they want to choose. The guys need to voice the following conditions:

• the first step is the best guys;
• the second place was taken by the good guys;
• the third is neither bad nor good;
• fourth – more bad than good;
• fifth – bad;
• sixth – very bad;
• The seventh place was taken by the worst guys.

The chosen step will be an indicator of self-esteem. Interpretation of test results:

1. the first and second steps are chosen by children with high self-esteem;
2. the third step speaks of adequate self-esteem;
3. the fourth - sixth show an underestimation;
4. the seventh is extremely underestimated.

The results of the technique help to reveal children’s internal problems, correct self-esteem, and develop the ability to correctly assess one’s own personality.

High self-esteem in a child

Children's self-esteem begins to develop from early childhood. Its formation is influenced, first of all, by parents, educators and surrounding children. At preschool age, you can already understand what kind of self-esteem a child has, based on his actions and actions.

Self-esteem is considered a component of self-awareness and includes, along with self-image, an individual’s assessment of his own physical qualities, abilities, moral qualities and actions.

Inflated self-esteem is an inappropriately inflated assessment of oneself by a child

Such children always strive to be first in everything, demand that all the attention of adults belong to them, they consider themselves much better than others, often this opinion may not be supported by anything

Inflated self-esteem can be caused by low assessment of his actions by peers, and low self-esteem can be caused by weak psychological stability.

Inflated self-esteem can be influenced not only by close people and the surrounding society, but also by the child’s character and personality traits.

Children with high self-esteem are characterized by comparative limitations in mastering types of activities and a high focus on communication interaction, and, often, it is of little content.

If a child is overly aggressive, this indicates extreme self-esteem. This means that it can be either very low or too high.

From about 8 years of age, children begin to evaluate their success in various areas independently. The most important factors for them are school success, appearance, physical ability, social acceptance and behavior. Along with this, school success and behavior are most important for parents, and the other three factors are for peers.

Parental support and acceptance of the child, his aspirations and hobbies have the greatest impact on the formation of an adequate level of general self-esteem, while school success and a number of other factors are significant only for self-assessment of abilities.