Class hour: “CULTURE OF BEHAVIOR AND ETHICAL STANDARDS OF COMMUNICATION”

It is impossible to imagine a social mechanism without the principles of communication on which certain norms, patterns and rules are based. If they are not observed, then all interaction between people will be reduced to the satisfaction of personal needs, which is an absolute degradation of society. This article examines in detail some of the nuances of relationships between people.

Ethics

Ethical principles of communication can be determined by the culture of speech. According to the requirements of this concept, moral standards are put forward, behavioral manners in specific situations and various formulas of courtesy and politeness are assessed by rules. A person who observes the basic principles of communication, but violates its ethical norms, is often deceptive and hypocritical. The highly moral behavior of a person who does not use basic rules of decency in his life will never inspire confidence in others.

We can conclude that concepts such as communication ethics and good manners are worth studying together. The most common principles of etiquette and moral standards often go side by side with specific dialogue algorithms: greeting and farewell, request and gratitude, etc. Unlike speech etiquette, which is used everywhere (congratulations, gratitude, greetings, sympathy), we remember the principles and norms of decency much less often.

What is communication culture?

Communication culture is a concept that determines the quality and perfection of communication between people, characterizing moral models of communication, norms and rules of interaction between people.

The basis of the culture of communication is morality , since it is included in all spheres of human society.

From a moral point of view, a person evaluates all manifestations of social life or any individual person, their compliance or non-compliance with moral principles and norms close to him.

Morality also helps to form an image of a moral ideal for a person, which he will strive to live up to.

Morality orients a person to treat a person as the highest value, helps to follow the ideals of justice and goodness, which in everyday life is expressed in human relationships in the family, with colleagues, acquaintances and close friends.

Such contacts reveal such moral qualities as respect, duty, love, loyalty, sympathy, and friendship. a huge role in this.

Principles of ethics in communication

There is a so-called golden rule, familiar to everyone since childhood: treat others the way you want to be treated. It applies to absolutely any life situation. We can say that many ethical principles of communication are based on this rule: altruistic, norms of virtue, demanding of oneself and others, the law of equality and justice, etc.

Thanks to the principles of open and sincere communication, a high degree of trust arises, without which contact is not possible. Trusting close relationships cannot be built without honesty, truthfulness, kindness and respect for the people around you. This can also include care, politeness, good manners, etc. The principles of correct communication are inextricably linked with the quality of speech itself. It must contain logic, expediency, literacy, as well as conciseness and meaningfulness at the same time. As for brevity, it all depends on personal desires and preferences. To some, overly extended praises will seem boring, while others will not understand the idea that they tried to convey in a more concise form.

Types of ethical standards

The basic principles of communication are divided into mandatory and recommended. The first includes the famous medical concept - “do no harm.” In order for communication to be mutually pleasant and effective, you should not resort to insults when there are differences in points of view, or humiliate your opponent. It is necessary to exclude such behavioral tactics as harshness and rudeness from interpersonal relationships. To interact well with people, it is helpful to maintain self-esteem, modesty, and respect for others. The connection between ethical standards and motives for communication is quite obvious:

1. Emotionally positive motives include bringing joy, satisfying the interlocutor’s need for respect, understanding and love, as well as interest.
2. Neutral motives are often the goals of information transfer.
3. Emotionally negative ones include indignation at an ignoble act and an expression of anger at the unfair outcome of a situation.

All these motives are inextricably linked with high internal moral standards. It is worth noting that actions dressed in an ethical form, but caused by low motives (to deceive, condemn, etc.) are not ethical.

Personal and general

It is interesting that ethical standards of behavior differ in different countries. For example, in Spain, just by entering the elevator, you will hear a friendly “Hola” from everyone who is already there. In our country, greeting complete strangers in public for no reason is not practiced. And no one will be offended at you if, when you enter the pool locker room, you don’t start shaking everyone’s hands. That is, our communication traditions are completely different.

This is another principle of dividing ethical standards - personal and group.

“I’m an artist, I see it that way!”

Personal norms are what I talked about above - our internal framework determined by society, upbringing and education. This is our inner world, our sense of self. Following personal ethical standards can be defined as the level of internal dignity. For example, only you decide whether you can throw an ice cream wrapper into the bushes if no one sees you.

Ethical standards and the consequences of non-compliance

When the ethical principles of verbal communication are absent or partially observed, this can manifest itself in human rudeness, insult, and opposition to others. Indecent behavioral manners are expressed in the condemnation of actions unacceptable for any individual, and the widespread imposition of one’s own opinion. This can lead to misunderstandings and damage on the part of the two parties involved. It is noteworthy that a highly moral person, driven by ethical motives, experiences discomfort not only when he involuntarily does something wrong, but also when he sees negative manifestations around him. Failure to comply with basic norms of behavior in communication can lead to misunderstandings, conflicts and even a breakdown in relationships between participants in communication.

Etiquette as a set of rules

The rules of etiquette also dictate the boundaries of our behavior. Remember, just recently we talked to you about templates. Etiquette is nothing more than that very necessary template that regulates our communication with each other.

If you accidentally step on someone's foot, you apologize, a polite man will open the door for a woman, and when we receive change at the store, we all say "Thank you." The way we follow the norms of behavior, including etiquette, can characterize us as a cultured or uncultured person.

Business Communication and Ethics

Along with the general principles of communication, we can highlight ethical standards that relate exclusively to the business world. The main feature of contacts in a business environment is the presence of many formalities. As for moral standards, they are the same for all spheres of communication.

Any organization needs to strive to improve behavioral principles: developing ethical standards, creating special commissions for training and instilling good manners in employees. Thanks to this, the moral atmosphere of the entire enterprise will improve, which will lead to increased loyalty of employees, the implementation of the right moral choice when making decisions, and strengthening the reputation of the company.

Despite the importance of cultural behavior, there is no absolute criterion and no person playing the role of the highest judge and preacher of the ultimate truth. If you want to live in a highly moral society, start with yourself: praise others, and make complaints about yourself. Don’t dwell on your employees’ failures, but learn from your mistakes.

Watch your behavior, and then you will see how the world will change for the better. The basic norms and principles of communication in the field of business relationships cover not only interpersonal connections, but also the vertical of office contacts, for example, “subordinate-manager”. And also horizontal - the relationship between two employees with the same position.

The basics of ethical standards and rules are necessary in all areas of life, be it communication with friends, colleagues, or family. These simple rules of interaction help to build harmonious relationships with people; you can always count on outside support, since those around you want to do business with a well-mannered and tactful person.

In order to cultivate spiritual traits in society and preserve the moral heritage, one should first of all pay attention to oneself. If each person makes a small contribution to the ethical development of the world, then it will certainly change for the better.

Ethical approaches to doing business

Business ethics in a broad sense is a set of ethical principles and norms that should guide the activities of organizations and their members in the field of management and entrepreneurship. It covers phenomena of various orders: ethical assessment of both internal and external policies of the organization as a whole; moral principles of members of the organization, i.e. professional morality; moral climate in the organization; patterns of moral behavior; norms of business etiquette are ritualized external norms of behavior.

In general, public perception of business ethics and social responsibility has gone through three stages over the last century (in developed Western countries):

• management aimed at maximizing income (until the second quarter of the 20th century): ethics is secondary to profitability (the period of “wild capitalism”);
• stewardship (since 1930s): an organization cares for its employees and their families as this leads to higher productivity and profitability;
• social management (since the 1960-1970s): the organization is responsible to society in general and stakeholders (groups of interested parties) in particular.

We can distinguish five stages in the formation of ethical views in our country in the 20th century:

• traditional capitalist (before 1917): patronage and trusteeship were considered “good manners” in traditional business circles, but most were focused on maximizing profits;
• direct government regulation (1920s): funds collected in the form of taxes (compulsorily) were used to finance social programs;
• planned socialist responsibility (1930-1980s): social facilities and programs were assigned to each enterprise and a plan was prescribed for opening new ones, failure to comply with which was punishable by the state;
• “wild capitalism” (1990s): priority was given to obtaining short-term economic benefits, social responsibility programs often took the form of a “cover” for illegal operations;
• local trusteeship (since 2000): large enterprises consider it their duty to take care of local communities by financing local social programs.

Researchers distinguish three approaches to understanding the problems of social responsibility of business and ethics of management decisions:

• Traditional (narrow economic) - formulated by Nobel Prize laureate Milton Friedman. The logic behind this approach is that business organizations must serve the interests of their owners, and managers are merely employees whose job is to run the business in accordance with the wishes of the owners. It follows that the true role of business is “to employ its energies and resources in activities aimed at increasing profits, provided that it adheres to the rules of the game ... [and] engages in open competition without resorting to fraud and deception.” Thus, the organization is considered to be socially responsible by complying with laws and prescribed business practices.
• The ethical approach (from the point of view of stakeholders) was formulated by professor of sociology and recognized management guru Peter Drucker. The essence of this approach is the recognition that the organization as a whole has ethical obligations to certain groups of interested parties - stakeholders. Stakeholders typically include founders, managers, shareholders (owners), suppliers, creditors, customers, local communities, labor unions, government regulators, professional associations and employees. This multi-layered social environment can significantly influence the achievement of organizational goals, so management must balance internal purely economic goals with the social, ethical and economic interests of stakeholders. In practice (in developed markets) this approach is most common.
• Social-ethical (affirmative approach) - formed in the 60-70s of the last century under the influence of the philosophical and ethical views of a number of management theorists: Kurt Lewin, Edgar Schein, Henry Mintzberg, etc. According to this approach, managers and employees of the organization are responsible for balanced adherence to company's common interests: the economic interests of the organization, the interests of stakeholders and global public interests. This approach argues that organizations should make a voluntary commitment to society and allocate a portion of funds to improve it.

Proponents of the traditional approach argue against broad social responsibility:

• the price of such behavior is a decrease in the company’s income, therefore, the costs of social responsibility programs are transferred to consumers in the form of increased prices;
• payment for social responsibility can take the form of lower wages, reduced dividends, reduced investments in R&D departments, in updating and improving production facilities, reducing accounts payable, etc.;
• accepting social responsibility may mislead employees about the organization's main goals;
• responsibility for solving social problems should lie with individuals, not companies;
• solving social problems falls within the competence of state and municipal bodies and enterprises; corporate leaders do not have the right to solve public problems;
• a company that takes on a greater share of social responsibility may lose in competition;
• the effect of social programs cannot be accurately determined - it is extremely difficult to report on the results of such actions to stakeholders and the general public;
• the principle of profit maximization is violated.

At the same time, pursuing only economic goals and while complying with laws and government regulations, the organization:

• satisfies consumer demand for goods and services;
• creates jobs;
• pays taxes;
• provides a certain level of return on capital (in the form of dividends);
• creates new social wealth and values.

Thus, the organization is involved in the closest social interaction and makes a certain contribution to the above-mentioned areas. Proponents of ethical and social-ethical approaches put forward a number of arguments regarding social responsibility:

• the organization's social involvement is in its best interest because it creates a better society and a better business environment;
• social responsibility programs are a means of creating and maintaining a positive public image;
• socially responsible and ethical management prevents or mitigates the negative impact on the organization from such influential groups as state and municipal authorities;
• the general public expects ethical behavior of organizations and their leadership - failure to meet these expectations can lead to negative consequences;
• the internal moral obligation to behave socially responsibly and ethically only confirms the fact that the owners, managers and employees of the organization are members of society and it is natural for them to follow its moral standards;
• social problems created by organizations, such as environmental pollution, must be resolved at the expense of these organizations;
• social responsibility balances the company's power and responsibility;
• social responsibility justifies the existence of an organization as an element of society.

Over the last three decades of the 20th century. In Western countries, there is a tendency to increase the socially responsible behavior of organizations, but at the same time, a clear trend towards a decrease in the ethical behavior of personnel is evident. The latter is also true for Russia. How to deal with this problem? Of course, each organization needs its own programs, unique methods and approaches, but nevertheless, we can identify a number of the most common measures to improve the ethics of employees, adopted in the practice of leading companies in the world:

• Development of ethical standards - provisions describing the system of general values ​​and rules of ethics of the organization. For example, bribes, extortion, gifts, payment of illegally obtained money to an accomplice, conflict due to a conflict of interests, violation of laws in general, fraud, disclosure of secrets), the use of information received in a confidential conversation from members of an “in-group”, illegal payments to political organizations, illegal actions in the interests of the company, production of obviously low-quality products, etc. As a rule, such standards are formalized in the form of a “code of ethics,” “commandments of the founder,” “the company’s way of life,” etc.
• Establishment of ethics committees. Such committees, as a rule, include representatives of the company’s top management, owners and other stakeholders. They play the role of magistrate, the “conscience of the organization,” making authoritative official moral judgments on controversial ethical issues.
• Conducting social audits. Preparation of reports for the general public on the implementation of social responsibility programs, as well as on ethical business practices, management decisions and employee relations. As a rule, such reports are compiled by external independent organizations - leading magazines, television channels, associations, etc.
• Training employees in ethical behavior. Today, ethics courses are included in many continuing education and professional retraining programs. The purpose of such courses is to improve the general culture of behavior, as well as to bring people to the idea of ​​moral responsibility and the moral consequences of their actions.
• Personal example of a leader. The manager, as a rule, is the moral leader of the company, setting the general climate and determining the degree of ethical actions. Highly moral behavior of a leader almost always encourages employees to follow ethical standards.

The moral qualities of most managers, hardened in an extremely aggressive environment, are significantly lower than those of representatives of other professions, despite the fact that the fate of many people depends on their actions and decisions.
In the economic world, questions of ethics are especially closely related to questions of money. Now money is no longer a universal means of settlement with counterparties; it is becoming a measure of the success of its owner, a businessman who may (or may not) earn enough to be recognized as successful. As Evgeny Emelyanov notes, “money in general is a problem for a poor person, but not for a rich person. Greed, greed and envy of the fortunes of others, which are traditionally associated with wealth, only mean that a person does not consider himself rich enough and is equal to others, to those who, as it seems to him, have more money, things or fame than at his place. And he can’t put up with this fact.”

It follows that the problem is not that there is little money, but that there is not enough of it. This approach was formulated in his time by the father of the US automobile industry, the ideologist of fundamentally new labor relations, Henry Ford I. He wrote: “Greed for money is the surest way to not achieve money. But if you serve for the sake of service itself, for the satisfaction that comes from the consciousness of the rightness of the cause, money will appear in abundance by itself. Money, quite naturally, appears as a result of useful activities. Having money is absolutely necessary. But we must not forget that the purpose of money is not idleness, but the multiplication of funds for useful service.”

Currently, in Russia, a civilized attitude of entrepreneurs towards money is gradually developing: it is less and less an end in itself and more and more often a business tool and a measure of success. The words of the famous entrepreneur Kakha Bendukidze perfectly characterize the modern trend: “The money that you so wanted to earn at the first stage - money for personal consumption - is not so important now. They are simply a measure of success... It’s scary to go broke not because you will lose your livelihood, the worst thing is shame, insolvency, the fact that the masses of people who are now wealthy will end up on the street...” In other words, money, like any instrument, is not evil itself is a means of business, economic and social communication.

Among the many ethical issues related to money, the most pressing are the following:

• The problem is “taking money”. Its essence is the formal obligation of the debtor to give money to the creditor on time, with the required interest, etc. In addition to formal obligations, however, there is also a certain moral contract between the taker and the giver of money, when the taker, “on the security of” trust, undertakes to fulfill his obligations in good faith. Often, many managers cannot afford to risk this trust and do not take money, even when it is relatively safe and necessary for the development of the company. Another moral problem in this case can be called the problem of the status of the person taking the money. Many modern businessmen cannot imagine themselves as a beggar, they are afraid of losing face, admitting an urgent need for money and, possibly, the presence of temporary economic difficulties.
• The problem of “giving money”. The economic factors of the problem are obvious: risks of non-repayment, reduction of one’s own liquidity, etc. Ethical problems, as a rule, include the dilemma of “spending it yourself and leaving another person (company) in a difficult situation, or helping someone else and not getting all the opportunities from using honestly earned money "
• "Star fever". At the first significant successes, managers often become ill with star fever. This manifests itself in rejection of other people's opinions, senseless spending of huge sums, which, perhaps, would be better spent on the development of the company. Often, managers never recover from this “illness” and begin to return to reality only when the company is already on the brink or when the money from the first success runs out.

Ethical issues are complex and controversial. Not always a person, be it an entrepreneur-owner, manager or employee, is able to solve them on his own. There is always a need to rely on something, to ask for advice. Below are a number of recommendations for business owners who want to be successful and ethical:

• remember that a high-class entrepreneur is able to transform a harmful (interfering with business) phenomenon into a useful (helping to achieve a goal);
• develop the habit of considering everything you encounter from the point of view of its benefit to your business;
• keep promises on time. If you couldn’t fulfill it, don’t make excuses, but set a new deadline and keep your word, even if it’s late;
• be attentive and objective to “useless” proposals;
• reject unnecessary offers tactfully and politely;
• being self-confident, avoid self-confidence; self-confidence is a prerequisite for using not the best techniques and methods in work;
• do not shift the responsibility for making the necessary decision to your subordinates if this is not within their competence or they have not received the appropriate assignment or recommendation from you;
• remember that nothing compromises an entrepreneur more than confusion;
• to effectively subordinate, know how to obey, at least to circumstances;
• educate employees unobtrusively but constantly, encourage their fruitful work and initiative;
• never forget that your opinion or position is not always good, there are other opinions and positions that are by no means worse;
• do not leave without careful analysis any case of failure, failure, blunder;
• do not forget that knowledge of the personal motivations of subordinates is one of the foundations of effective interaction with them;
• aligning the goals of the enterprise with the personal goals of employees is no less important than aligning the personal goals of employees with the goals of the enterprise;
• when communicating with people, learn to understand what is not expressed;
• Be guided in your work by three “don’ts”: don’t get irritated, don’t get lost, don’t get distracted;
• the highest form of disrespect for partners and subordinates is to delay the start of work due to the event being late or unprepared;
• be tolerant of other people's shortcomings if they do not interfere with your business;
• remember that you can insult a person not only with a word: posture, gestures and facial expressions are no less expressive;
• deal only with those issues in which your participation is mandatory;
• be fair to a person’s business qualities, especially if your relationship with him leaves much to be desired. It is quite possible that not the best attitude towards you is a consequence of your imperfections;
• do not be afraid of talented subordinates;
• provide employees with maximum freedom to achieve the goals of the enterprise;
• praise in public, blame privately;
• remember that there is nothing sharper and more painful for a person than humiliation. The latter is never forgotten or forgiven. Be afraid of committing injustice - it hurts people greatly;
• sympathy is often more valuable than money;
• know how to listen, have endless patience.

In conclusion, I would like to note that a deep understanding and acceptance of business ethics as an internal norm today is mandatory for a manager at any level, especially for an entrepreneur.
Management, being a very specific activity, obliges managers to care about the limits and consequences of their actions. ATTENTION!

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More about business communication

There are several principles and rules of communication in a business environment, adherence to which will make your interaction with colleagues and partners more successful:

1. The ability to empathize and put oneself in another person’s place, that is, empathy.
2. Acceptance of another employee, regardless of his goals and views, showing goodwill.
3. Preserving your individuality when communicating with other people, that is, authenticity.
4. The ability to clearly express your thoughts and answer questions honestly, to be specific.
5. The courage to make decisions, to offer your own options for getting out of the situation - initiative.
6. Directness in actions and words, that is, spontaneity.
7. The belief that sincere relationships improve interactions between people - openness.
8. The ability to express your thoughts and emotions. Accepting emotional expressions from people around you. The ability not to hurt their feelings.
9. The ability to extract experience from various life situations, to soberly perceive criticism, but to be the author of one’s own assessment of oneself (self-knowledge).
10. Willingness to provide assistance at any time, high degree of involvement in the situation.
11. Responsibility for your decisions and actions.

Basic qualities of a business person

You can also highlight the basic principles of effective communication that every business person should have. These include:

• work activity – creativity, initiative, love of work, diligence, ability to accept responsibility;
• sociability, friendliness, sensitivity and politeness towards people;
• in relation to oneself - modesty, self-discipline and the ability to self-criticize.

Psychological properties important for business communication include the following:

• high but adequate self-esteem;
• creative potential;
• the ability to quickly make adequate and effective decisions;
• the ability to speak to people in their language, insight;
• the ability to make and maintain useful business contacts;
• a useful habit of keeping your word;
• the ability to complete the work started;
• the ability to connect with people, hard work and resilience.

The following social skills are also required to survive in the business world:

• insight that will help you feel the situation and, based on it, establish contact;
• stimulate the partner’s speech activity;
• the ability to psychologically accurately determine the end point of communication;
• correctly predict your partner’s reaction;
• keep the initiative of the conversation in your hands, but at the same time tune in to the emotional tone of the interlocutor;
• provoke the emotional reactions you want from your partner;
• be able to overcome psychological barriers;
• correspond to the emotional state of the interlocutor or business partner;
• set goals and achieve them through mobilization.

II. Violation of the Psychologist's Code of Ethics

1. Violation of the Psychologist's Code of Ethics includes ignoring the provisions set forth therein, misinterpreting them, or deliberately violating them. Violations of the Code of Ethics may be the subject of a complaint.
2. A complaint about a violation of the Psychologist’s Code of Ethics can be submitted to the Ethics Committee of the Russian Psychological Society in writing by any individual or legal entity. Consideration of complaints and making decisions on them is carried out in accordance with the established procedure by the Ethics Committee of the Russian Psychological Society.
3. Sanctions applied to a Psychologist who has violated the Code of Ethics may include: a warning on behalf of the Russian Psychological Society (public censure), suspension of membership in the Russian Psychological Society, accompanied by widespread information to the public and potential clients about the exclusion of this specialist from the current register of RPO psychologists. Information about the sanctions applied is publicly available and transmitted to professional psychological associations in other countries.
4. In case of serious violations of the Code of Ethics, the Russian Psychological Society may petition to bring the Psychologist to trial.

This Code of Ethics for Psychologist was adopted on February 14, 2012 by the V Congress of the Russian Psychological Society.

Code of Ethics in pdf format (149.8 Kb)

To discuss the Code of Ethics of the Russian Psychological Society, send comments to:

Why do we need business ethics?

If we talk about business ethics and ethics in general, we cannot help but pay attention to and discuss the topic of speech culture.

Knowledge of psychology and the rules of communication plays a significant role in building business relationships, as well as in the interaction of colleagues and work partners. If you have an idea of ​​how to behave in a given environment, then, most likely, you will avoid many of the mistakes that are common to entrepreneurs. In order for your business to be successful, you need to thoroughly study the characteristics of the personal qualities that are necessary for management activities. Patterns of human behavior, opportunities for developing entrepreneurial potential, the psychology of working relationships, as well as technology for the survival of a business person in a competitive environment.

The subject of the study of ethics is the motives of a person’s actions, character and actions. In the business sphere, these are relationships between partners, as well as the reasons for success or lack thereof in personal activities.

Parity

At first glance, it may seem that in ordinary life careful adherence to the norms of decency is not so important, that only active people are faced with ethics and principles of communication, in particular. But sooner or later the understanding comes that a successful conversation and pleasure from it is impossible without observing the basics of ethics. The key point when communicating is maintaining parity, that is, accepting your partner’s interests, recognizing your equality to each other and maintaining a relaxed and easy atmosphere. Oddly enough, every person does not immediately realize the rule of parity - for some, the awareness of the need for this principle comes in childhood and is laid down by their parents, while for others they have to figure everything out with their own mind. The moral and ethical principles that a person observes are a litmus test of his unique qualities and level of development. They are the basis for the manner of speech, attitude towards opponents and interlocutors, and the key needs that are inherent in a particular person.

Cultural communication - what is it?

The culture of communication, thanks to the established system of principles, norms and rules, and the technique of their implementation, helps to solve the main task of communication as such - to achieve mutual understanding of the people in contact.

Cultural communication implies compliance with the norms of interpersonal communication in one or another unit of society, including many factors - moral, cultural, psychological.

At the same time, cultural communication is most strongly associated with morality. Cultural communication is distinguished by the following characteristic features :

1. Respect for the partner, politeness and the desire not to use words that are offensive or vulnerable to the interlocutor.
2. Willingness to understand and accept the position of the interlocutor, even if what is said is not part of the intended reaction to the stimulus remark.
3. Preventing and overcoming conflict situations, as well as tolerance and tolerance towards a partner.
4. Equality of those communicating in dialogue and its fundamental observance.

The higher the morality of each of the participants in communication, the higher the overall level of communication, the more effective and useful it is for each person in contact individually.

Components of moral health and principles of pedagogical communication

In the formation of the above principles, the main role is played by the so-called components of moral health, namely moral beliefs, traits, habits, abilities and actions. If for some reason a person has a high cultural level, then he is more likely to struggle with his negative inclinations, which will certainly affect the quality of his contacts with other people. Humanity is the main motive inherent in a person who observes ethical standards. Such a subject empathizes, sympathizes, shows kindness, mercy and decency. A person who interacts with a humane person feels significant and important to the interlocutor.

The basic rules and principles of communication include:

• showing mutual respect for each other;
• democratization and humanization of relations;
• tolerance, social justice and tolerance;
• objective and unbiased attitude towards the interlocutor;
• respecting boundaries and recognizing the personal dignity of each person;
• honesty in relationships;
• acceptance and understanding of the interests of the interlocutor.

If you begin to regularly use these simple norms and principles of communication with children and adults, you will soon notice how your level of interpersonal interaction has increased. You will also learn to better understand people and play out scenarios of possible developments in your head.

Functions of social norms

Social norms regulate all spheres of society and actually make its existence possible. Their actions can be reduced to three most important functions:

1. Regulatory function. Social norms and rules regulate the interaction of people with each other, define the boundaries of what is acceptable and influence individuals with deviant behavior. This effect is carried out using three mechanisms:

• Permission is an indication of optional but desirable behavior (for example, washing hands before eating).
• Injunction - an indication of a required action (for example, wearing clothes).
• A prohibition is an indication of actions that are condemned by society (for example, you cannot steal).

1. Social function. They help a person become a full-fledged member of society, benefit other people and benefit from interaction with them.

1. Evaluation function. Social norms shape a person's idea of ​​good and bad, stimulate positive qualities in people and provide them with role models.